冀北地区新农村住宅节能效益分析

建筑围护结构节能是建筑节能的重要组成部分。我国寒冷地区既有乡村住宅多属砖混结构,围护结构过于单薄、保温水平低,建筑运行陷入了高消耗、高排放、低舒适的恶性循环。根据所建立的节能住宅建筑能耗分析模型,利用能耗分析软件对中国辽宁省本溪市草砖房的全年采暖能耗进行了模拟计算。结果表明:节能住宅比普通住宅能耗低、保温效果好,冬季可节省采暖能耗70%左右,同时增加的投资在10年左右得到回收。     

Cost-Benefit Analysis of Software Quality Models

Software reliability is increasingly important in today's marketplace. When traditional software development processes fail to deliver the level of reliability demanded by customers, radical changes in software development processes may be needed. Business process reengineering (BPR) is the popular term for comprehensive redesign of business processes. This paper focuses on the business processes that produce commercial software, and illustrates the central role that models have in implementation of BPR. Software metrics and software-quality modeling technology enable reengineering of software development processes, moving from a static process model to a dynamic one that adapts to the expected quality of each module. We present a method for cost-benefit analysis of BPR of software development processes as a function of model accuracy. The paper defines costs, benefits, profit, and return on investment from both short-term and long-term perspectives. The long-term perspective explicitly accounts for software maintenance efforts. A case study of a very large legacy telecommunications system illustrates the method. The dependent variable of the software-quality model was whether a module will have faults discovered by customers. The independent variables were software product and process metrics. In an example, the costs and benefits of using the model are compared to using random selection of modules for reliability enhancement. Such a cost-benefit analysis clarifies the implications of following model recommendations.     

应用罐车液位仪和无线智能网关技术实现加油站储运管理及损益分析

本文针对加油站普遍存在的储运管理需求,结合最新的液位测量技术、无线传输技术和加油站管理系统,提出了一套对加油站损益计量和储运全过程监管的解决方案,该方案具有低成本、高可靠性、高自动化程度的优点。     

Energy Storage Sizing for Rooftop Grid-Connected PV System

This paper investigates the optimum dimensioning of a battery energy storage in a grid-connected PV system. An energy flow decision program of the system was developed, in the MATLAB to minimize the operatingcost of the system. Optimizing the energy flow schedule was performed under two different energy flow control strategies: 1) The battery energy has been released to the grid, during the daytime, only up to a predefined value of the state of charge in case A. 2) The battery is allowed to discharge its energy on peak hours, even up to the minimum charge state in case B. Comparing both cases in one for one tariff scheme, case A was much beneficial to adopt, while case B generated higher financial benefits compared to case A, when incentives were given in feed-in tariff or for the battery investment cost. With one for one tariff scheme, the PV system without the battery energy storage was much more beneficial to adopt from the financial point of view, but not from the operational point of view.     

需求响应下计及电碳市场耦合的多元主体成本效益分析

成本效益研究有助于了解各市场主体的效益情况和交易意愿,从而指导市场制定更加合理的交易机制。文章提出了一种需求响应(demand response, DR)下计及电碳交易市场耦合的多个市场主体的成本效益分析方法。首先将碳交易中的单位碳排放成本计入各发电机组的报价函数中进行统一出清,体现碳交易与现货市场运营的耦合;其次,考虑了需求响应下电碳耦合市场中各个主体的交易机制,提出了发电侧、用户侧、负荷聚合商、储能运营商及电网侧的成本效益分析模型。最后,对中国某省电网某实际运行日进行了算例分析,结果表明,碳排放权交易市场运作将抬高电力市场出清价格,影响相关主体的成本与效益。     

博弈论模型在解决水资源冲突上的运用

水资源短缺和水质恶化是当今众多发展中国家所面临的两个严重问题。而水质和水量的管理通常涉及众多的利益相关者。在缺乏完善的水资源市场和产权制度时,水资源开发利用上的冲突不可避免。博弈论是解决这类冲突的一种有效方法。本文以南水北调中线工程所涉及的不同利益相关者的水冲突为例,采用非合作与合作博弈分别对水资源的冲突进行了模拟。统计学和经济计量学的回归分析法用来构建博弈各方的效益函数,成本效益分析法用来比较不同战略下的博弈结果。研究结果显示, 非合作虽然使局中人2、3和4分别获利约0.15-0.32亿元、0.59-0.36亿元、0.08-0.29亿元的收益,但却使整体受损约662.01-1218.33亿元,而合作的结果恰恰相反。因此,如果能够把合作所带来的部分净收益从赢利方转向损失方,以补足损失方的损失,博弈各方均能受益。此模拟方法及结果不仅有利于博弈各方,而且在水资源的合理分配﹑水价的制定﹑生态补偿等方面也为水资源管理部门提供决策支持。     

绿色建筑全生命周期增量成本与效益研究

为了对绿色建筑做出准确而全面的评估,加快绿色建筑的发展进程,文章从全生命周期的角度出发,结合绿色建筑评价标准,从节地、节能、节水、节材、室内、运营六个方面对绿色建筑的增量成本与增量效益进行研究,构建了绿色建筑全生命周期增量成本与效益模型,对模型中的经济参数做了深入分析,运用层次分析法和模糊综合评价方法对增量间接效益进行了量化,使得模型客观合理,并通过实例验证了模型的可行性。     

华中电网实施可中断负荷的成本效益及前景分析

实施可中断负荷是需求侧管理(DSM)的重要组成部分,在我国能源紧缺的背景下,应用可中断负荷实施需求侧管理,能够缓解供电紧张的局面和提高系统运行的安全性.结合华中电网的特点,论述了华中电网实施可中断负荷的必要性,综述了可中断负荷成本分析的常用方法,并在此基础上对华中电网实施可中断负荷的成本-效益和应用前景进行了分析和评估.该评估方法对电力运行部门具有一定的参考价值.     

Case study: performance effectiveness and cost-benefit analyses of open-graded friction course pavements in Tennessee

The effectiveness and cost-benefit of Open-Graded Friction Course (OGFC) pavements were analysed in this study by investigating the cost, field performance, short- and long-term effectiveness, and accident rate of OGFC projects in Tennessee. Paired sample t-tests were conducted to compare if there was significant difference between OGFC and non-OGFC sections. Investigation on the performance effectiveness showed that OGFC sections provided comparable performance level as traditional dense mix overlays and were effective in improving pavement performance and repairing deterioration except for rutting potential. However, no severe pavement deterioration was observed on the OGFC sections after more than four or five years of service, indicating sufficient durability of the OGFC used in Tennessee where mild freeze-thaw cycles are experienced annually. Although the unit cost ($/m³) of OGFC was about 42% higher than the cost of traditional dense mix overlays, it was observed that the accident rate was significantly reduced especially in rainy days after the OGFC treatment. The cost-benefit analyses based on the ratio of accident rate reduction over cost demonstrated that OGFC was significantly more cost-beneficial in improving driving safety and reducing accident rate in rainy days.