绿色建筑全生命周期增量成本与效益研究

为了对绿色建筑做出准确而全面的评估,加快绿色建筑的发展进程,文章从全生命周期的角度出发,结合绿色建筑评价标准,从节地、节能、节水、节材、室内、运营六个方面对绿色建筑的增量成本与增量效益进行研究,构建了绿色建筑全生命周期增量成本与效益模型,对模型中的经济参数做了深入分析,运用层次分析法和模糊综合评价方法对增量间接效益进行了量化,使得模型客观合理,并通过实例验证了模型的可行性。     

冀北地区新农村住宅节能效益分析

建筑围护结构节能是建筑节能的重要组成部分。我国寒冷地区既有乡村住宅多属砖混结构,围护结构过于单薄、保温水平低,建筑运行陷入了高消耗、高排放、低舒适的恶性循环。根据所建立的节能住宅建筑能耗分析模型,利用能耗分析软件对中国辽宁省本溪市草砖房的全年采暖能耗进行了模拟计算。结果表明:节能住宅比普通住宅能耗低、保温效果好,冬季可节省采暖能耗70%左右,同时增加的投资在10年左右得到回收。     

水回用及其经济效益分析

随着经济不断发展,我国水资源状况日益紧张。本文从水资源面临的危机出发,提出水回用是缓解乃至克服我国目前水资源紧张状况一条必要途径,水资源价格机制是制约我国水回用发展的关键因素之一,回用水效益分析对于实现水资源利用的环境效益、经济效益、社会效益最大化具有重要的指导意义。     

Power to gas: addressing renewable curtailment by converting to hydrogen

Renewable energy is the key to meeting increasing electricity demand and the decarburization targets in the generation mix. However, due to constrained power network capacity, a large volume of renewable generation is curtailed particularly from wind power, which is a huge waste of resources. There are typically three approaches to addressing excessive renewable: direct curtailment, the reinforcement of networks to expand transfer capacity, and the conversion of excessive renewable into other energy types, such as hydrogen, to transport. The costs and benefits of the three approaches could vary significantly across location, time, and penetration of renewable energy. This paper conducts a cost-benefit analysis and comparison of the three techniques to address wind curtailment. It uses a reduced 16-busbar UK transmission network to analyze the performance of the three approaches. The UK 2020 generation mix is used to quantify the saved renewable energy and incurred costs. The payback time and net present value of the two investment techniques are compared. From demonstration, it is reasonable to conclude that converting excessive wind power into hydrogen to transport is an environmentally friendly and cost-effective way to address wind curtailment.     

Cost-Benefit Analysis of Software Quality Models

Software reliability is increasingly important in today's marketplace. When traditional software development processes fail to deliver the level of reliability demanded by customers, radical changes in software development processes may be needed. Business process reengineering (BPR) is the popular term for comprehensive redesign of business processes. This paper focuses on the business processes that produce commercial software, and illustrates the central role that models have in implementation of BPR. Software metrics and software-quality modeling technology enable reengineering of software development processes, moving from a static process model to a dynamic one that adapts to the expected quality of each module. We present a method for cost-benefit analysis of BPR of software development processes as a function of model accuracy. The paper defines costs, benefits, profit, and return on investment from both short-term and long-term perspectives. The long-term perspective explicitly accounts for software maintenance efforts. A case study of a very large legacy telecommunications system illustrates the method. The dependent variable of the software-quality model was whether a module will have faults discovered by customers. The independent variables were software product and process metrics. In an example, the costs and benefits of using the model are compared to using random selection of modules for reliability enhancement. Such a cost-benefit analysis clarifies the implications of following model recommendations.     

华中电网实施可中断负荷的成本效益及前景分析

实施可中断负荷是需求侧管理(DSM)的重要组成部分,在我国能源紧缺的背景下,应用可中断负荷实施需求侧管理,能够缓解供电紧张的局面和提高系统运行的安全性.结合华中电网的特点,论述了华中电网实施可中断负荷的必要性,综述了可中断负荷成本分析的常用方法,并在此基础上对华中电网实施可中断负荷的成本-效益和应用前景进行了分析和评估.该评估方法对电力运行部门具有一定的参考价值.     

Palmitic Acid and Health: Introduction

Interest in the dietary role and metabolic effect of saturated fatty acids has been recently renewed on the basis of epidemiologic observations and economical approach to health and well-being. Saturated fats may favorably increase blood HDL-Cholesterol levels without significant changes of the total cholesterol/HDL-Cholesterol ratio. Also, the negative effect of saturated fat on cardiovascular diseases risk has recently been challenged. Palmitic acid, among all, may have special structural and functional roles in utero and in infancy, and indeed is it is being delivered in a unique form in human milk. Future research should include objective cost-benefit analyses when disentangling the role of saturated fats in dietary recommendations.     

Modeling Fault Coverage of Random Test Patterns

We present a new probabilistic fault coverage model that is accurate, simple, predictive, and easily integrated with the normal design flow of built-in self-test circuits. The parameters of the model are determined by fitting the fault simulation data obtained on an initial segment of the random test. A cost-based analysis finds the point at which to stop fault simulation, determine the parameters, and estimate fault coverage for longer test lengths. Experimental results on benchmark circuits demonstrate the effectiveness of this approach in making accurate predictions at a low computational cost. As compared to the cost of fault-simulating all the test vectors, the savings in computational time for larger circuits ranged from four to fourteen times. We also present an analysis of the mean and the variance of the fault coverage achieved by a random test of a given length. This analysis and simulation results demonstrate that while the mean coverage is determined by the distribution of the detectabilities of individual faults, the dual distribution of fault coverage of individual test vectors determines the variance.     

高校后勤资产管理中成本效益分析法应用对策探析

目前理论界普遍认为,高校后勤资产管理是高校后勤社会化改革的核心。随着高校后勤管理不断出现新问题,成本效益分析法成为进一步推动改革成果、改善资产管理效益的有效途径。成本效益分析法的新应用,最终目的在于采用经济化管理的方式提高资产管理效益。为使高校后勤资产管理的成本效益分析切实取得成效,在对现代管理理念与方法的具体转化应用中,必须认真把握它们内涵的几个共同准则:过程准则、量化准则、时间准则、人力准则。     

Case study: performance effectiveness and cost-benefit analyses of open-graded friction course pavements in Tennessee

The effectiveness and cost-benefit of Open-Graded Friction Course (OGFC) pavements were analysed in this study by investigating the cost, field performance, short- and long-term effectiveness, and accident rate of OGFC projects in Tennessee. Paired sample t-tests were conducted to compare if there was significant difference between OGFC and non-OGFC sections. Investigation on the performance effectiveness showed that OGFC sections provided comparable performance level as traditional dense mix overlays and were effective in improving pavement performance and repairing deterioration except for rutting potential. However, no severe pavement deterioration was observed on the OGFC sections after more than four or five years of service, indicating sufficient durability of the OGFC used in Tennessee where mild freeze-thaw cycles are experienced annually. Although the unit cost ($/m³) of OGFC was about 42% higher than the cost of traditional dense mix overlays, it was observed that the accident rate was significantly reduced especially in rainy days after the OGFC treatment. The cost-benefit analyses based on the ratio of accident rate reduction over cost demonstrated that OGFC was significantly more cost-beneficial in improving driving safety and reducing accident rate in rainy days.