Neutral Location Cues and Cost/Benefit Analysis of Visual Attention Shifts.

The effects of location cuing on target responses can be examined by comparing informative and neutral cuing conditions. In particular, the magnitudes of costs of invalid location cuing and of benefits of valid location cuing can be determined by comparing invalid and valid cue responses to location-nonspecific neutral cue responses. Cost/benefit analysis is based on the assumption that neutral baseline measures reflect a general warning effect about the impending target's onset but no other specific target information. The experiments we report were carried out to determine the appropriateness of two baseline measures for cost/benefit analyses of direct (nonsymbolic) location cuing effects. We found that a multiple-cue baseline attenuated the benefits of valid cuing, and that a background-flash baseline arbitrarily attenuated costs or benefits depending on flash intensity. It is proposed that a background flash is the more suitable neutral cue because it is target-location-nonspecific, but that its intensity should be adjusted to elicit a target-onset warning signal of the same magnitude as the location cues with which it will be compared. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

面向用户的配电网可靠性目标规划

对配电网实施科学合理的目标规划,既提高了供电企业的单位投资效率,也较大改善了配电网可靠性。重要程度不同的用户停电给供电企业带来的停电损失相差较大,即用户重要程度的差别对配电网可靠性评估结果的影响较大,因此可靠性评估中需要考虑用户重要程度。文章利用层次分析法,从主观和客观两个方面对各类用户的重要程度建模,该模型考虑了用户处在不同区域的影响。建立可靠性收益和可靠性改善程度的关系模型,从成本效益的角度进行配电网可靠性目标规划。以实际运行的配电网进行算例分析,结果证明了文章里所提方法和模型的正确性、有效性和实用性,可为供电企业制定科学合理的可靠性目标规划作参考。     

人力资本投资成本收益分析与辞职接受再教育决策研究——基于对已工作人员辞职攻读研究生的调查

选取已工作而又辞职考取研究生这一具有代表性的群体,通过对影响辞职接受再教育决策的成本以及诸因素的调查,探讨经济成本和收益在该决策行为中的影响情况,分析决策的过程和规律,并对员工个人职业生涯发展和对雇佣方有效的人力资源管理提出了建议。     

大气污染对农业影响的经济损失分析

应用费用效益评价技术,估算了四川盆地及盆周山地区域内大气污染对农业影响的经济损失,并进行了经济灵敏度分析。计算年四川盆地及盆周山地农业受大气污染的经济损失为13.6万元。     

风储联合发电系统容量优化配置模型及敏感性分析

风电与储能的有效匹配是平抑风电功率波动的方案之一。文中建立了能量型储能在风储联合发电系统中容量优化配置模型,讨论了各敏感性因素对容量配置的影响,主要包括调控模式、风储上网电价、设备造价及缺电惩罚系数等。文中考虑了跟踪计划出力和削峰填谷等控制模式,利用技术经济评价指标,分析了当前和未来市场条件下采用不同调控模式的风储联合发电系统的可行性,指出了风储联合发电系统最佳容量配置的发展趋势。     

考虑风电和负荷不确定性的机组组合研究

为解决含风电场的电力系统中风电与负荷的不确定性对系统的安全经济运行产生的影响,获得既经济又有较高可靠性的解,提出通过配置旋转备用容量来应付系统中的不确定性因素,主要是风电场出力预测的影响。采用成本效益分析的方法,根据备用的效益与成本在目标函数中的相互牵制,自动为系统配置合适的备用。并将构建模型中部分含有{0,1}变量乘积形式的非线性约束转化为由一组线性约束条件来表达,转化后的数学模型为标准的二次混合整数规划问题,建立的模型直接能够用传统数学优化模型求解,因此计算速度较许多机会约束规划方法快,在一定程度上能够满足实际应用。算例分析表明所提模型的有效性和实用性。     

Implementing electronic identification for performance recording in sheep: II. Cost-benefit analysis in meat and dairy farms

Costs and secondary benefits of implementing electronic identification (e-ID) for performance recording (i.e., lambing, body weight, inventory, and milk yield) in dairy and meat ewes were assessed by using the results from a previous study in which manual (M), semiautomatic (SA), and automatic (AU) data collection systems were compared. Ewes were identified with visual ear tags and electronic rumen boluses. The M system used visual identification, on-paper data recording, and manual data uploading to a computer. The SA system used e-ID with a handheld reader in which performances were typed and automatic uploaded to a computer. The use of a personal digital assistant (PDA) for recording and automatic data uploading, which transformed M in a SA system, was also considered. The AU system was only used for BW recording and consisted of e-ID, automatic data recording in an electronic scale, and uploading to a computer. The cost-benefit study was applied to 2 reference sheep farms of 700 meat ewes, under extensive or intensive production systems, and of 400 dairy ewes, practicing once- or twice-a-day machine milkings. Sensitivity analyses under voluntary and mandatory e-ID scenarios were also included. Benefits of using e-ID for SA or AU performance recording mainly depended on sheep farm purpose, number of test days per year, handheld reader and PDA prices, and flock size. Implementing e-ID for SA and AU performance recording saved approximately 50% of the time required by the M system, and increased the reliability of the data collected. Use of e-ID increased the cost of performance recording in a voluntary e-ID scenario, paying only partially the investment made (15 to 70%). For the mandatory e-ID scenario, in which the cost of e-ID devices was not included, savings paid 100% of the extra costs needed for using e-ID in all farm types and conditions. In both scenarios, the reader price was the most important extra cost (40 to 90%) for implementing e-ID in sheep farms. Calculated extra costs of using the PDA covered more than 100% of the implementation costs in all type of sheep farms, indicating that this device was cost-effective for sheep-performance recording.     

Improving data collection strategies and infrastructure asset management tool utilisation through cost benefit considerations

Infrastructure asset management (IAM) depends on systematic data management to support its processes. Data collection and management can be costly, and it is therefore important to utilise data efficiently – however, it is not always straightforward to evaluate the benefits of data collection. This paper proposes a methodology for assessing the cost-benefit relationship between data collection and data utilisation for IAM tools. In this methodology, the costs are expressed as the work hours invested in collecting the data, while the benefits are expressed as informational outcomes. The methodology has been developed in a spreadsheet, and is demonstrated in a real water utility. This paper shows how the methodology can be used by a utility to assess its current cost-benefit situation for their IAM data, and utilise the cost-benefit results to improve the information effectiveness of its IAM tools.     

灰水再生利用系统的技术与效益分析

实现灰水在住宅建筑中的再生利用具有良好的社会、经济和环境效益。本文就灰水再生利用系统的相应技术、安装成本、使用周期及其运行过程产生的效益进行了估算与分析,可知其具有构造简单、安装灵活、实用性强的特点,因此灰水再生利用系统具有广阔的应用前景。     

高压直流输电系统最优备用分析

为实现兼顾经济性和可靠性的HVDC输电系统的规划设计,讨论了计及经济性和可靠性的HVDC输电系统最优备用方案模型及其应用。在给出HVDC备用设备等年值投资费用、等年值运行费用、停电损失费用等的计算方法后基于综合最小费用提出了HVDC输电系统最优备用分析模型。鉴于实际HVDC输电工程中,设备的备用数量有限,提出了设备最优备用模型求解的枚举解析法。用一单12脉接线HVDC输电系统为例分别对交流滤波器、换流变压器、晶阐管、平波电抗器等备用模式进行决策对比分析并基于成本-效益原则确定了HVDC备用优选方案。算例表明该模型和方法能够应用到实际HVDC输电系统实现设备的最优备用规划和设计。