The role of charcoal on DTA curves of organo-clay complexes: an overview

DTA of organo-clay complexes supplemented by other thermal analysis methods supplies information on the thermal reactions, properties and stability of the complex, the amount and properties of the adsorbed water in the organo-clay and on the bonding between the organic species and the clay. It is used to identify the mineral to differentiate between various complexes composed of the same clay and the same organic ligand and to establish their composition. During the gradual heating in oxidizing atmospheres the adsorbed organic material is oxidized, giving rise to significant exothermic peaks. DTA curves of organo-clays are divided into three regions: (1) the dehydration of the clay, (2) the thermal oxidation of the organic material and (3) the dehydroxylation of the clay. The exothermic oxidation reaction occurring during the gradual heating of the sample takes place in two steps, in the range 200–500 °C, oxidation of organic hydrogen and formation of water and charcoal, and 400–750 °C, oxidation of charcoal and formation of CO₂. The exothermic peak temperatures depend on the mineral and on the organic compound and on the types of bonding between these two components of the organo-clay complex. The present communication concentrates in the role of the combustion of charcoal in the study of the fine structure of the complex and of the type of associations between the organic compound and the clay.     

The Mechanical Behaviour of Polyimide/Copper Laminates Part 2: Peel Energy Measurements

The mechanical peel behaviour of laminates consisting of polyimide films adhered to copper foil using a modified acrylic adhesive has been studied over a wide range of test rates and temperatures. The laminates were prepared from polyimide films which had been subjected to either a “high-thermal history” or a “low-thermal history” treatment during the production of the film. The measured peel energies of the laminates could be superimposed to give a master curve of peel energy versus the reduced rate of peel test, Ra_T, where R is the rate of peel test and a_T is the time-temperature shift factor. The appropriate shift factors were a function of the test temperature and were mainly deduced from tensile tests conducted on the bulk adhesive. The “high-thermal history” laminates gave higher peel energies and the locus of failure of the laminates was mainly by cohesive fracture through the adhesive layer. At low values of log₁₀ Ra_T, i.e. Low rates of peel and high test temperatures, the “low-thermal history” laminates also failed in the adhesive layer and possessed similar peel energies to those measured for the “high-thermal history” laminates. However, at high log₁₀ Ra_T values, the peel energies measured for the “low-thermal history” laminates were lower and showed a wider scatter. These arose from a different locus of failure occurring in these “low-thermal history” laminates when tested under these conditions. Namely, it was found that most of these laminates failed in a weak boundary layer in the outer regions of the “low-thermal history” polyimide film.     

Implementing optimized pairings with elliptic nets

In this paper,we use elliptic nets to implement the optimized Ate pairings and optimal pairings on the Barreto-Naehrig curves with embedding degree 12.In order to do the arithmetic of elliptic curves over finite fields with elliptic nets,we first give some basic properties of elliptic nets associated to elliptic curves over finite fields and the expression of Miller function in terms of elliptic nets.Then we give formulae to compute some optimized pairings with elliptic nets,which is a new method to implement pairings.This method with elliptic nets has time complexity comparable to Miller’s algorithm and it can be optimized.     

Vibrational dynamics and heat capacity in syndiotactic poly(propylene) form I

Normal modes of vibration of syndiotactic polypropylene (sPP) and their dispersion are obtained in the reduced zone scheme for helical form I having the conformational sequence (t₂g₂) using Urey-Bradley force field and Wilson's GF matrix method as modified by Higgs. Optically active frequencies corresponding to the zone center and zone boundary are assigned and characteristic features of the dispersion curves are discussed. In general the dispersion in the helical form is less as compared to the planar form. Heat capacity has been calculated via density-of-states using Debye relation in the temperature range 10-460 K and compared with the experimental measurements.     

给水球墨铸铁管腐蚀特性及腐蚀对水质的影响

为研究给水球墨铸铁管腐蚀特性及腐蚀对水质的影响,以球墨铸铁管为主体制作三电极反应体系,以微生物为控制变量利用电化学工作站测定球墨铸铁管电化学腐蚀参数,同时分析腐蚀体系内水体水质变化.结果表明:非灭菌组自腐蚀电位66 d均值-0.515 V,自腐蚀电流密度均值7.61×10-4m A/cm~2,期间水质迅速变差,总铁质量浓度3 d后超标,色度和浊度最终分别达72、115 NTU.灭菌组自腐蚀电位66 d均值-0.471 V,自腐蚀电流密度均值5.26×10-4m A/cm~2,腐蚀强度较灭菌组稍缓,但水体最终变成"黄水".没有或失去防腐涂层而暴露于水体中的给水球墨铸铁管初期极易发生以电化学腐蚀为主的综合性腐蚀,严重影响水质.     

广州市用水结构空间均衡差异性分析

以空间均衡治水方针为指导思想,采用基于洛伦兹曲线、基尼系数的方法,对广州市用水结构整体趋势及均衡差异性进行了分析。结果表明:广州市用水结构空间分配不够均衡,大部分区域已超过设定的警戒线标准;农业用水空间分配差距较大,主要集中于从化、花都、增城区等市内非核心区;工业用水结构虽然整体分布较均衡,但黄埔区与其余区域存在巨大差异,区位熵是其他区域工业平均区位熵的3倍;居民生活、城镇公共、生态环境用水结构空间分配差距悬殊,表现为向天河、越秀、荔湾等市内核心区域集中,且用水量保持逐年增加的趋势,这在一定程度上加剧了区域差异性;各类用水结构差异性虽已得到有效控制,空间均衡性处于平稳阶段,但仍未达到"空间均衡"治水目标,应进一步强化用水监督管理,实现用水结构合理布局和水资源的优化配置。     

平面铰链四杆机构的轨迹综合方法

为提高平面铰链四杆机构轨迹综合的速度与精度,提出基于B样条曲线的综合方法.采用三次非均匀B样条曲线对连杆曲线进行拟合,将B样条曲线控制多边形各相邻两边的夹角作为连杆曲线的特征参数,将大量连杆曲线特征参数和对应的机构尺寸参数存入计算机以建立电子图谱库;当输入一定数目的有序离散数据点时,通过B样条曲线拟合得到期望曲线,提取期望曲线的特征参数;再利用神经网络将期望曲线的特征参数与电子图谱库中特征参数进行匹配,从而找到满足要求的机构,最终达到轨迹综合的目的.设计实例表明,该方法可快速实现四杆机构的轨迹综合,综合的精度高且所提取的特征参数与连杆曲线方位、缩放比例无关,减少了图谱库的数据冗余.     

Adaptive interpolation scheme for NURBS curves with the integration of machining dynamics

This paper develops a comprehensive interpolation scheme for non-uniform rational B-spline (NURBS) curves, which does not only simultaneously meet the requirements of both constant feedrate and chord accuracy, but also real-time integrates machining dynamics in the interpolation stage. Although the existing work in this regard has realized the importance to simultaneously consider chord error and machining dynamics, none has really incorporated these in one complete interpolation scheme. In this paper, machining dynamics is considered for three aspects: sharp corners or feedrate sensitive corners on the curves, components with high frequencies or frequencies matching machine natural ones and high jerks. A look-ahead module was developed for detecting and adaptively adjusting the feedrate at the sharp corners. By Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) analysis with a moving window in the interpolation stage identified were some special frequency components such as those containing high frequencies or with frequencies matching machine natural ones. Then, the notch filtering or time spacing method was used to eliminate these components. To more completely reduce feedrate and acceleration fluctuations, the jerk-limited algorithm was also developed. Finally, the interpolated feedrate was further smoothened with B-spline fitting method and the NURBS curves were re-interpolated with the smoothened feedrate. During the interpolation, the chord error was repeatedly checked and confined in the prescribed tolerance. Two NURBS curves were used as examples to test the feasibility of the developed interpolation scheme.     

应用Visual Basic实现点焊电流和压力的实时监测

动态多参数实时监测是电阻点焊质量在线评估的一种有效方法。采用Visual Basic6.0语言编程．通过80C196KB和PC机之间的串行通信，实现了对焊接电流和电极压力的实时检测，联机试验所生成的波形图实时反映了三相次级整流点焊的动态焊接过程以及曲线变化趋势与影响因素之间的对应关系，为点焊质量多参数监控奠定了基础。     

The isoxazolidines: the effects of steric factor and hydrophobic chain length on the corrosion inhibition of mild steel in acidic medium

Several new isoxazolidines having varying degree of steric environment and hydrophobic chain length, prepared efficiently using single-step nitrone cycloaddition reactions, are tested for corrosion inhibition of mild steel in 1 M and 5 M HCl at 50-70 °C range by gravimetric and electrochemical methods. All compounds have shown very good corrosion inhibition efficiency (IE%) in acidic solution. Steric crowding around the nitrogen centres and hydrophobic chain lengths as well as increase in temperature (in the presence of the inhibitor in the higher concentration range 100-400 ppm) are found to increase the inhibition efficiency of the isoxazolidines. Thermodynamic parameters (ΔG°_ads, ΔH°_ads, ΔS°_ads) for the adsorption process and kinetic parameters for the metal dissolution (or hydrogen evolution) reaction in the presence of one of the isoxazolidines were determined. Experimental results agree with the Temkin adsorption isotherm. The inhibition of corrosion in 1 M HCl, influenced by both physi- and chemi-sorption, was found to be under mixed control, but predominantly under cathodic control.