基于等幅周期荷载下软岩Bingham本构模型的研究

为建立一种描述等幅周期荷载下软岩应变特性的本构模型,将Bingham模型中的常值黏壶元件替换成与循环次数相关的变系数黏壶元件,常值弹性元件替换为随周期荷载循环次数的增大而衰减的非定值弹性元件,即可得到反映周期荷载下软岩各种应变规律的Bingham本构模型。当循环荷载应力上限值σmax大于岩石的临界强度σs时,模型为可反映软岩3个应变阶段的改进4参数Bingam模型;反之则为反映软岩前两个应变阶段的非常值2参数Hook模型。将周期荷载分解为一个定值荷载和一个平均应力值为零的周期荷载,基于流变力学理论给出了定值荷载作用下基于该模型的本构方程式,再根据黏弹性力学理论,给出了平均应力值为零的周期荷载下基于该模型的本构方程式,最后将已获得的本构方程式叠加即得到周期荷载下软岩本构方程式。结果表明:所建立的本构方程式可较好描述周期荷载下不同软岩各类应变特征,对各类软岩的应变曲线拟合的相关系数均在0.868以上,且同一种岩石模型中弹性元件系数初始值随周期荷载的动应力幅值的增大而减小,岩石加速应变速率参数随动应力幅值的增大而增大。     

聚醚多元醇中环状齐聚物的去除(续)

(接上期第 2 3页 )3　膜分离Doraietal[16] 通过超滤除去低相对分子质量级份 ,使聚醚多元醇 ,尤其是聚四氢呋喃多元醇 ,具有较窄的分布 (Mw∶Mn=1 .2～ 1 .8)。该方法通过对多分散的熔融聚合物实施物理分级 ,达到降低相对分子质量分布的目的 ,可使最终产物的相对分子质量为 40 0～ 40 0 0 ,分散度为 1 .2～ 1 .8。该方法首先需要准备 1套交叉流动的膜分离系统 ,采用渗透膜或半渗透膜 ,膜的一边是滞留物 ,另一边是超滤液。然后 ,在起始聚合物的熔点以上 ,分解温度以下 ,且温度不大于膜的熔融和分解温度 ,将起始聚合物熔融 ,并流入该系统中…     

Characteristics of electrical responsive chitosan/polyallylamine interpenetrating polymer network hydrogel

An interpenetrating polymer network (IPN) hydrogel composed of chitosan and polyallylamine exhibited electric‐sensitive behavior. The chitosan/polyallylamine IPN hydrogel was synthesized by radical polymerization using 2,2‐dimethoxy‐2‐phenylacetophenone (DMPAP) and methylene bisacrylicamide (MBAAm) as initiator and crosslinker, respectively. The swelling behavior of the IPN was studied by immersion of the gel samples in aqueous NaCl solutions at various concentrations and pHs. The swelling ratio decreased with increasing concentration and pH of electrolyte solution. The stimuli response of the IPN hydrogel in electric fields was also investigated. When a swollen the IPN was placed between a pair of electrodes, the IPN exhibited bending behavior in response to the applied electric field. The IPN also showed stepwise bending behavior depending on the electric stimulus. In addition, thermal properties of the IPN were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and dielectric analysis (DEA). © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 86: 2290–2295, 2002     

Electrodeposition, composition and structure of Zn—Cr alloys

The effect of polyethylene glycol (PEG 1500) as additive and of deposition conditions on Zn—Cr alloy electrodeposition from an acidic sulfate electrolyte at room temperature, without agitation was investigated. PEG polarizes the overall cathodic reaction and inhibits Zn deposition. Cr codeposition with Zn starts at a cathodic potential of about –1,95 V vs Hg/Hg₂SO₄, which is reached at current density of about 20 A dm^–2 in galvanostatic conditions. Zn—Cr alloy coatings containing up to 28 at % Cr were obtained depending on the plating conditions. SEM observations showed an island-like structure, formed by the local growth of crystals, which covered the surface during further deposition. In the first stages of electrodeposition the powder diffraction spectra contain lines of b.c.c. -(Zn,Cr) phase (a 3.02 Å). After 30 s deposition time weak lines of Zn-based phase (a 2.67 Å, c 4.90 Å) appear, and become clearly visible in coatings deposited for 90 s. The average Cr content in the alloy coatings decreases with advancing deposition. The as-plated surface contains C in organic compounds and Zn(OH)₂. After 50 min sputtering, Zn and a mixture of Cr, Cr₂O₃ and Cr₇C₃ were found. The presence of organic C and O, probably from inclusions of PEG, were also detected.     

Electrocopolymerization kinetics of a binary mixture of 3‐chloroaniline 2‐amino‐4‐phenylthiazole and characterization of the obtained block copolymer films

Electrocopolymerization of a binary mixture of 3‐chloroaniline and 2‐amino‐4‐phenylthiazole on platinum electrode in acid medium was carried out under different reaction conditions such as temperature, current density, hydrochloric acid, and monomer concentrations with duration time. The initial rate of the electrocopolymerization reaction on platinum electrode is small and the rate law is R_p = K₂ [D]^1.29[HCl]^0.97[M]^1.94. The apparent activation energy is found to be 38.87 kJ/mol. The obtained copolymer film is characterized by ¹H‐NMR, elemental analysis, GPC IR, UV‐visible, and cyclic voltammetry and compared with those of the two homopolymers. The mechanism of the electrocopolymerization reaction is also discussed and the monomer reactivity ratio (r₁and r₂) is calculated. The thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) is used to confirm the proposed structure and determination of the number of water molecules in the polymeric chain unit. X‐ray and scanning electron microscopic analysis are used to investigate the surface morphology. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 97: 2076–2087, 2005     

去甲氨噻肟酸乙酯合成研究

去甲氨噻肟酸乙酯是半合成头孢菌素药物的重要中间体之一.报道了在环合反应中,采用甲醇和水(体积比为1∶1)的混合溶剂代替二氯甲烷,甲醇等单一溶剂,反应温度在25℃左右下进行,收率明显提高,可达56.2%,结果令人满意.产品结构用1HNMR验证.     

循环荷载作用下重塑饱和粉黏土的刚度弱化特性研究

以东海大桥海上风电场项目为课题背景,通过动三轴系统对重塑饱和粉质黏土开展一系列长期不排水循环加载三轴试验,分别考虑围压、动应力比和频率3种因素,特别是对高频(f5 Hz)下土体的动力弱化特性进行了研究。试验结果表明:累积塑性应变与累积孔压随着循环次数的增加而增大并且趋于稳定,呈现出应变软化和孔压软化现象。割线动变形刚度模量和割线动弹性刚度模量则随着循环次数的增加,先急剧降低然后趋于稳定,从而表现出刚度弱化现象。进一步研究了割线动弹性刚度模量与循环应变幅值的关系,割线动弹性刚度模量的衰减趋势受动应力比和频率的影响不大,与围压有关,围压越大,割线动弹性刚度模量衰减趋势越慢,衰减稳定幅值越低。     

竖向荷载作用下斜桩承载特性数值分析

近年来,斜桩在桥梁、码头、海上钻井平台及大型输电线路塔架基础等工程中得到广泛应用,研究不同倾角斜桩的荷载传递及承载特性实用意义较大。基于ABAQUS软件,考虑桩土接触特性,模拟分析了不同倾角斜桩的承载特性。结果表明:桩身倾角不大于10°时,倾斜角对单桩的极限承载力影响不大,但会在桩身产生一定弯矩以及桩顶产生一定的水平位移;桩身轴力沿桩长方向的衰减速率随桩身倾角的增大而增大;斜桩桩身弯矩主要分布在桩顶下1/2桩长范围内,其最大值的位置不受桩身倾角以及桩顶竖向荷载的影响;斜桩桩身侧摩阻力沿桩长大致呈"S"型分布,其桩顶以下1/6桩长范围内侧摩阻力远远大于直桩。     

Electrochemical investigations of copper behaviour in different cupric complex solutions: Voltammetric study

The electrochemical behaviour of copper has been investigated in different cupric complex solutions by cyclic voltammetry. In pyridinic and picolinic solutions the reduction of cupric complex occurred in two stages leading to Cu(I) and Cu(0), respectively. The electrodeposited copper is oxidized in two steps leading to Cu(I) and Cu(II) as in ammoniacal cupric complex solutions. In glycine, alanine, sulfamic acid and ethylenediamine solutions, the cuprous complex is an intermediate in the cupric complex reduction but it is not detected during the oxidation of the electrodeposited copper in these solutions. In EDTA and triethanolamine solutions, the cuprous complex is not observed. The rate of copper etching was determined in pyridinic and ammoniacal cupric solutions and was shown to be faster in ammoniacal cupric solutions than in the pyridinic solutions.     

Underactuated miniature bending joint composed of serial pulleyless rolling joints

This paper proposes a miniature bending joint composed of serial rolling joints; it refers to the classification of small joints of other products and studies on surgical applications according to the structures and transmissions. To achieve this, a pulleyless rolling joint is introduced as a unit component and the basic design principle is established for the joint. A simple mechanism guarantees a smooth rolling contact using elastic fixtures. Underactuation, which prevents S-shaped curvature similar to buckling, is applied to drive the bending joint with a limited number of wire cables. Using a 1-DOF real-sized prototype, experiments were performed to measure the motion accuracy and payload capacity from various angles to evaluate the efficacy of an improved design that enhances the payload on the distal end. This novel joint is applicable to a wider variety of surgical tools and catheters relative to other candidates owing to its small constant curvature, reasonable payload capacity, and miniature size.