基于温差函数的低温多效蒸发海水淡化过程热力学分析

从分析低温多效蒸发海水淡化过程的不可逆性出发,建立了海水加热和蒸发以及冷凝器海水预热过程的火用损失关系;导出了反映低温多效蒸发过程热力学效率的不可逆温差函数,为分析、评价过程的热力学效率提供了新的工具;并在温差函数的基础上研究讨论了蒸发器总效数、冷凝器端差、首效加热蒸汽温度和相对热容率等关键因素对低温多效蒸发海水淡化过程热力学效率的影响,为过程的优化、提高过程的能量利用率指明了方向。     

水平管外壁薄膜蒸发侧表面传热系数

采用智能化薄膜厚度测试仪,在考察液体负荷、蒸发侧沸点、蒸发侧传热温差、传热管管径等因素对水平光滑传热管外液膜厚度及其波动状况影响的基础上,研究了蒸发侧表面传热系数随液膜厚度的概率分布和平均厚度变化的趋势,讨论了多种操作参数对蒸发侧表面传热系数的影响。针对水平管降膜蒸发流动的波动特性,定义了G (δ⁺)和h (α)⁺₂,得到蒸发侧表面传热系数的关系式,突出了液膜波动的影响,为进一步揭示蒸发侧表面传热系数的影响因素以及进行工业设计提供实验依据.     

塑料换热器在海水淡化中的应用

阐述了塑料换热器在海水淡化中应用的研究状况,分析了塑料换热器所具有的优势如成本更低、更好的防腐防垢性能,质量更轻和能耗更低等,重点讨论了塑料换热器在露点蒸发淡化技术中的应用和有利条件,并对塑料换热器在海水淡化中的应用前景作了进一步的展望。     

一种小型海水淡化热泵装置的系统匹配

在某些特殊场合需要一种以维生为目的的小型海水淡化装置,热泵技术因其高效节能的特点而被选用。针对这种小型的海水淡化热泵装置,以3．6kg/h的淡水产出率为设计参数,确定了该装置的标准运行工况,即冷凝温度、蒸发温度、海水的补充流量等。在此基础上,进行了盘管式冷凝器、翅片管式蒸发器的结构优化设计,以及压缩机和节流装置的选型,从而完成了小型海水淡化热泵系统中各部件的理论选型,为下一步的实际加工、装配和调试奠定了基础。     

热法太阳能海水淡化理论研究进展综述

热法海水淡化是太阳能利用海水淡化中重要的研究方向。针对热法海水淡化蒸发冷凝过程的理论模型主要集中在以Dunkle模型为代表的盘式海水淡化模型上。近年来随着新型淡化结构的提出,太阳能集热系统的改进导致操作条件的变化,以及计算机软件、新型检测设备的开发和应用,国内外学者提出了许多新的淡化模型。该文综述了经典理论模型以及近年来新的理论模型,提出了未来的理论研究将针对建立不同腔体类型的模型以及对腔体内部物理场分布的模拟。     

The use of carbon nanomaterials in membrane distillation membranes: a review

Membrane distillation (MD) is a thermal-based separation technique with the potential to treat a wide range of water types for various applications and industries. Certain challenges remain however, which prevent it from becoming commercially widespread including moderate permeate flux, decline in separation performance over time due to pore wetting and high thermal energy requirements. Nevertheless, its attractive characteristics such as high rejection (ca. 100%) of non-volatile species, its ability to treat highly saline solutions under low operating pressures (typically atmospheric) as well as its ability to operate at low temperatures, enabling waste-heat integration, continue to drive research interests globally. Of particular interest is the class of carbon-based nanomaterials which includes graphene and carbon nanotubes, whose wide range of properties have been exploited in an attempt to overcome the technical challenges that MD faces. These low dimensional materials exhibit properties such as high specific surface area, high strength, tuneable hydrophobicity, enhanced vapour transport, high thermal and electrical conductivity and others. Their use in MD has resulted in improved membrane performance characteristics like increased permeability and reduced fouling propensity. They have also enabled novel membrane capabilities such as in-situ fouling detection and localised heat generation. In this review we provide a brief introduction to MD and describe key membrane characteristics and fabrication methods. We then give an account of the various uses of carbon nanomaterials for MD applications, focussing on polymeric membrane systems. Future research directions based on the findings are also suggested.     

反渗透海水淡化能量回收装置的研究现状及展望

能量回收装置是反渗透海水淡化系统的核心元件之一,通过回收高压盐水的压力能来降低能耗和节约成本,加强其基础研究并突破技术瓶颈是缓解我国水资源危机的战略选择。根据工作原理将反渗透海水淡化能量回收装置分成液力透平式、正位移式和泵-马达式3类,主要从结构、原理、效率和应用等方面对国内外研究进展进行综述和分析,并对我国能量回收装置的发展方向和关键技术进行总结展望。研究表明,液力透平式装置已逐渐被市场淘汰,占据市场主流地位的正位移式装置也存在技术缺陷,而泵-马达式装置的集成化设计和降低工作能耗是未来的重要研究方向。     

国内外海水淡化技术的进展

分析了海水淡化的技术现状,归纳了国际海水淡化技术的发展趋势以及自主技术存在的差距,结合国民经济和社会发展对海水淡化的战略需求,提出了其发展战略、目标和政策建议。     

热法海水淡化技术简析

介绍了全球水资源的状况及我国淡水资源紧缺的现状,提出了海水淡化技术发展的必要性和其良好而广泛的市场前景,进而对主流热法海水淡化技术作了扼要的介绍、分析和比较,并展望其发展趋势。     

Applicability of flashing desalination technique for small scale needs using a novel integrated system coupled with nanofluid-based solar collector

The present study introduces an attempt for the application of flash desalination technique for small scale needs. An integrated system uses a flashing desalination technique coupled with nano-fluid-based solar collector as a heat source has been made to investigate both the effect of different operating modes and that of the variation of functioning parameters and weather conditions on the fresh water production. The flashing unit is performed by similar construction design technique of commercial multi-stage flashing (MSF) plant. The thermal properties of working fluid in the solar collector have been improved by using different concentrated nano-particles. Cu nano-particle is used in the modeling to determine the proper nano-fluid volume fraction that gives higher fresh water productivity. An economic analysis was conducted, since it affects the final cost of produced water, to determine the cost of fresh water production. Although a system may be technically very efficient, it may not be economical. The effect of different feed water and inlet cooling water temperatures on the system performance was studied. The mathematical model is developed to calculate the productivity of the system under different operating conditions. The proposed system gives a reasonable production of fresh water up to 7.7 l/m²/day under the operation conditions. Based on the cost of energy in Egypt, the estimated cost of the generated potable water was 11.68 US$/m³. The efficiency of the system is measured by the gained output ratio (GOR) with day time. The gained output ratio (GOR) of the system reaches 1.058. The current study showed that the solar water heater collecting area is considered a significant factor for reducing the water production cost. Also, the produced water costs decrease with increasing the collecting area of the solar water heater. The volume fractions of nano-particle in solar collector working fluid have a significant impact on increasing the fresh water production and decreasing cost.