固定床离子交换树脂复苏方法探讨

为了提高脱盐水水质 ,降低系统的腐蚀和结垢 ,本文通过实验方法对污染较严重的树脂进行复苏 ,从而达到提高树脂的工作交换容量和再生程度     

Understanding the operation of industrial MSF plants Part II: Optimization and dynamic analysis

This paper is a continuation of Part I, which aims at widening the knowledge about MSF operation. The investigation includes studying the set-point optimization of an MSF plant. This is achieved by optimizing the steady-state model of the plant to determine the optimal operating conditions. The objective function is designed such that it determines the feasible values for the plant operational parameters that maximize the performance ratio. The investigation also includes studying the dynamic behavior of the process during open-loop and closed-loop operations. The dynamic analysis in both cases focuses on investigating the source and existence of operation stability due to blow-through or liquid pile-up. The entire analysis is based on simulation of a previously validated model for an MSF plant.     

发展海水淡化产业为沿海经济区提供补充水源

对国内外水资源短缺情况及海水淡化技术的发展与应用进行了简述，论述了发展海水淡化产业，为我国沿海经济区提供补充水源的重要性和紧迫性，认为这是确保用水安全和经济持续增长所必需的重要措施．指出，发展海水淡化产业应不受本地区是否存在缺水问题的限制；技术出口、设备出口将会取得很高的经济效益．同时还对海水淡化工业与其它工业的关系做了探讨。     

基于电子束共辐照接枝制备中空纤维纳滤膜

以聚砜超滤膜为基体,采用电子束共辐照接枝2-丙烯酰胺基-2-甲基丙磺酸(AMPS)单体制备中空纤维纳滤膜。采用衰减全反射-傅里叶变换红外光谱分析接枝前后膜表面化学组成,并探讨接枝条件对纳滤膜接枝率、孔径以及脱盐性能的影响。结果表明,电子束能够穿透基膜,使膜内外表面均接枝上AMPS。以最佳接枝条件(辐照剂量80 k Gy,单体浓度10%,阻聚剂浓度1.5%,交联剂浓度0.2%,乙醇/水=1/9,溶液体积30 m L)制备的纳滤膜接枝率为4.68 mmol/m2,孔径为5.4 nm,0.4 MPa压力下对1 g/L Na2SO4的截留率为88.9%,渗透通量为28.3 L/(m2·h)。     

Holey graphene hydrogel with in-plane pores for high-performance capacitive desalination

Capacitive deionization is an attractive approach to water desalination and treatment.To achieve efficient capacitative desalination,rationally designed electrodes with high specific capacitances,conductivities,and stabilities are necessary.Here we report the construction of a three-dimensional (3D) holey graphene hydrogel (HGH).This material contains abundant in-plane pores,offering efficient ion transport pathways.Furthermore,it forms a highly interconnected network of graphene sheets,providing efficient electron transport pathways,and its 3D hierarchical porous structure can provide a large specific surface area for the adsorption and storage of ions.Consequently,HGH serves as a binder-free electrode material with excellent electrical conductivity.Cyclic voltammetry (CV) measurements indicate that the optimized HGH can achieve specific capacitances of 358.4 F.g-1 in 6 M KOH solution and 148 F.g-1 in 0.5 M NaC1 solution.Because of these high capacitances,HGH has a desalination capacity as high as 26.8 mg.g-1 (applied potential:1.2 V;initial NaCl concentration:～5,000 mg.L-1).     

ZIF-8-NH2/有机硅杂化膜的制备及渗透汽化脱盐性能研究

石油和天然气开采、电厂脱硫及海水淡化等工业活动会产生大量的高含盐废水, 有效处理这些高盐废水是实现液体零排放的关键。本研究以多孔α-Al₂O₃陶瓷膜为支撑体, 将氨基功能化的沸石咪唑酯骨架结构材料(ZIF-8-NH₂)填充到1,2-二(三乙氧基硅基)乙烷(BTESE)中, 制得ZIF-8-NH₂/有机硅杂化膜, 将其应用于高浓度盐水渗透汽化脱盐, 并系统考察了ZIF-8-NH₂含量、进料温度与浓度等因素对其脱盐性能的影响。实验结果表明, 与BTESE膜及ZIF-8/BTESE杂化膜相比, 氨基功能化的ZIF-8-NH₂/BTESE杂化膜的水渗透率和盐截留率均有所提高。在连续50 h渗透汽化脱盐测试中, ZIF-8-NH₂/BTESE杂化膜表现出优异的结构稳定性, NaCl表观截留率始终保持在99.95%以上, 水渗透率保持在6.3×10^-11 m³/(m²×s×Pa)以上。此外, NaCl截留率几乎不受进料温度和进料浓度的影响, 在高盐废水处理领域表现出良好的应用前景。     

电厂宽负荷运行下蒸汽喷射器对低温多效蒸馏系统的影响

淡水资源匮乏问题日益严重,火电厂耦合低温多效蒸馏（low-temperature multi-effect distillation,LT-MED）海水淡化技术因可有效降低制水成本而被广泛利用。利用Ebsilon软件对某电厂和低温多效蒸馏海水淡化耦合系统进行建模,分析了电厂宽负荷下蒸汽喷射器对水电联产系统热经济性的影响规律。研究结果表明：基于单级蒸汽喷射器的水电联产系统,以电厂75% THA工况设计下的蒸汽喷射器的性能最佳。对于带两级蒸汽喷射器的水电联产系统,当电厂负荷在75% THA工况时系统的制水电耗量相比单级蒸汽喷射器系统降低了13.65%,并且电厂负荷在50% THA工况以上时,带两级蒸汽喷射器系统的制水电耗量较单级蒸汽喷射器系统的低。     

Structural/Compositional-Tailoring of Nickel Hexacyanoferrate Electrodes for Highly Efficient Capacitive Deionization

Prussian blue analogs (PBAs) represent a crucial class of intercalation electrode materials for electrochemical water desalination. It is shown here that structural/compositional tailoring of PBAs, the nickel hexacyanoferrate (NiHCF) electrodes in particular, can efficiently modulate their capacitive deionization (CDI) performance (e.g., desalination capacity, cyclability, selectivity, etc.). Both the desalination capacity and the cyclability of NiHCF electrodes are highly dependent on their structural/compositional features such as crystallinity, morphology, hierarchy, and coatings. It is demonstrated that the CDI cell with hierarchically structured NiHCF nanoframe (NiHCF-NF) electrode exhibits a superior desalination capacity of 121.38 mg g⁻¹, a high charge efficiency of up to 82%, and a large capacity retention of 88% after 40 cycles intercalation/deintercalation. In addition, it is discovered that coating of carbon (C) film over NiHCF can lower its desalination capacity owing to the partial blockage of diffusion openings by the coated C film. Moreover, the hierarchical NiHCF-NF electrode also demonstrates a superior selectivity toward monovalent sodium ions (Na⁺) over divalent calcium (Ca²⁺) and magnesim (Mg²⁺) ions, allowing it to be a promising platform for preferential capturing Na⁺ ions from brines. Overall, the structural/compositional tailoring strategies would offer a viable option for the rational design of other intercalation electrode materials applied in CDI techniques.     

Water Transport through Ultrathin Polyamide Nanofilms Used for Reverse Osmosis

Thin‐film composite membranes comprising a polyamide nanofilm separating layer on a support material are state of the art for desalination by reverse osmosis. Nanofilm thickness is thought to determine the rate of water transport through the membranes; although due to the fast and relatively uncontrolled interfacial polymerization reaction employed to form these nanofilms, they are typically crumpled and the separating layer is reported to be ≈50–200 nm thick. This crumpled structure has confounded exploration of the independent effects of thickness, permeation mechanism, and the support material. Herein, smooth sub‐8 nm polyamide nanofilms are fabricated at a free aqueous–organic interface, exhibiting chemical homogeneity at both aqueous and organic facing surfaces. Transfer of these ultrathin nanofilms onto porous supports provides fast water transport through the resulting nanofilm composite membranes. Manipulating the intrinsic nanofilm thickness from ≈15 down to 8 nm reveals that water permeance increases proportionally with the thickness decrease, after which it increases nonlinearly to 2.7 L m^?2 h^?1 bar^?1 as the thickness is further reduced to ≈6 nm.