无源雷达探测覆盖能力柔性评估建模研究

针对无源雷达作战效能量化评估问题,将有效探测距离、探测覆盖度指数等作为表征无源雷达探测覆盖能力的典型指标,建立了相应的指标体系和指标解算模型;采用基于算子的柔性评估建模方法,设计实现了指标对应的评估算子,并以这些评估算子为基础建模单元,构建了与指标体系完全一致、灵活、适用的算子树评估模型.评估实验结果表明,该模型能够支持无源雷达探测覆盖能力评估解算和影响因素分析,可用于无源雷达作战部署决策等时的多方案优选,对于同类装备作战效能量化评估也具有一定的借鉴和参考价值.     

小卫星测试数据在线时间序列判读方法

小卫星自动化测试是提高测试效率、缩短研制周期、降低研制成本和保证可靠性的重要手段,数据判读是测试系统的重要组成部分.传统测试数据判读多依赖于测试人员的手工比对,效率较低,难以适应于实时性较高的小卫星系统测试.针对这一问题,设计了小卫星测试系统方案和数据在线判读模型,建立了测试数据的时间序列模型,在此基础上完成数据预测算法设计和判读方法设计.最后利用飞轮和陀螺的测试数据对该方法进行了工程验证.结果表明,设计的数据预测算法和判读方法兼顾测试数据自身特点和实时性要求,能在较小的先验数据集上全面地检测出数据异常,从而显著提高测试的全面性和准确性.     

AMPHIBIAN OCCUPANCY IN FLOOD‐CREATED AND EXISTING WETLANDS OF THE LOWER MISSOURI RIVER ALLUVIAL VALLEY

During the previous century, the wetland area in the lower Missouri River alluvial valley was reduced by 39% because of river channelization and bank stabilization projects. The Great Flood of 1993 reversed the trend of wetland loss by creating 466 new wetlands in the alluvial valley between Kansas City and St. Louis, Missouri. We estimated amphibian occupancy, detection probability and number of species exhibiting evidence of reproduction in eight flood‐created and 16 pre‐flood existing wetlands from 1996 through 1998. We also evaluated whether hydroperiod (the number of days any water was present in a wetland from 20 February through 31 August) and distance to river predicted those values. Detection probabilities for adult amphibian species were relatively constant across years and ranged from 0.013 [Great Plains toad (Anaxyrus cognatus)] to 0.280 [Woodhouse's toad (Anaxyrus woodhousii woodhousii)]. Occupancy of adult amphibians differed across years and was not correlated with habitat features. Estimated occupancy probabilities for amphibian species ranged from 0.126 [Plains spadefoot (Spea bombifrons)] to 0.896 [boreal chorus frog (Pseudacris maculata)]. Almost double the number of amphibian species showed evidence of reproduction in existing wetlands (wetlands created before the Great Flood of 1993) when compared with that in flood‐created wetlands. Similarly, temporary wetlands had nearly double the number of amphibian species showing evidence of reproduction when compared with permanent wetlands. Finally, the highest number of species showed evidence of reproduction in wetlands with spring–summer hydroperiods between 135 and 140 days. All these relationships suggest that the invasion and persistence of predators in wetlands negatively influence amphibian reproduction. If the Missouri River is allowed to reconnect with the alluvial valley, more predators may be introduced into wetlands, leading to reduced amphibian occupancy and reproduction. However, this connection will not likely occur over the entire alluvial valley and, therefore, should not adversely impact amphibians that find refuge in higher‐elevation, non‐connected regions of the alluvial valley. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

探地雷达在水利工程安全检测中的应用

以陕西神木采兔沟水库工程为实例,对探地雷达的工作原理及实际应用进行了介绍。结合采兔沟泄洪洞洞身的质量检测对具体的测线布置、探测方法及参数选择进行了阐述,在探测中,针对泄洪洞具体形状,在不同部位共布置了17条测线,经对检测结果分析,发现导流泄洪洞底板下方虽存在疏松区域,但不存在空洞,其他部位亦无大的缺陷,不影响安全运行。     

高密度电法在大幕山水库渗漏隐患探测中的应用

针对传统土石坝渗漏安全隐患探测方法的不足,采用高密度电法对通山大幕山水库土石坝渗漏安全隐患进行了无损探测,以检查评价高密度电法在中小型水库土石坝渗漏安全隐患探测中的有效性和适用性。试验研究结果表明,高密度电法可以用于查明土石坝渗漏通道位置或进行疑点提示,为大坝除险加固和后续处理提供科学参考依据。     

ANALYSIS OF FIRST TRANSIENT PRESSURE OSCILLATION FOR LEAK DETECTION IN A SINGLE PIPELINE

The leak detection is of great importance in the reliable operation and management of a pipeline system. Recently,attention is shifted to the use of the time domain or frequency domain methods based on the transient analysis. These methodssometimes require accurate pressure signals obtained during the transient period or by creating ideal conditions in testing. This paperproposes a method that does not require transient simulations over the whole or an extended period of time, but uses the first transientpressure oscillation to detect leaks. The method considers the propagation of the pressure oscillation wave created from a fast valveclosure and the reflected damp wave from the leak. A leak in the pipe gives rise to reflected waves which in turn creatediscontinuities in the observed signal at the measurement section. The timing of the reflected damp wave and the magnituderepresent the location and the size of the leak, respectively. An analytical expression is derived based on the Method OfCharacteristic (MOC) for the relationship between the leakage and the reflected magnitude. The leak detection procedure based onthe method is also given. Then the reliability of the method is tested on numerically simulated pressure signals and experimentalpressure signals with calibrated leak parameters, and the results indicate a successful application and the promising features of themethod.     

基于ROI块累计的SF6气体泄漏区域检测算法(英文)

为了及早地发现监控区域的SF6毒气泄漏的问题,提出了基于ROI块累计思想的区域检测算法.针对SF6面临成像微弱,难以检测的特点,先对采集到红外视频图像序列进行运动帧间差提取ROI块,然后对本底图像做自适应算子去噪处理,提取背景,最后在一定的时间窗内,对提取的运动区域做块运动累计,增强目标区域位置.试验结果表明,该算法可以很好地检测出SF6气体泄露区域和位置.     

Countering loss of vigilance in sonar watchstanding using signal injection and performance feedback

Sonar operators are confronted with a watchstanding task that demands high levels of vigilance for the appearance of weak or transitory signals. Maintaining vigilance is difficult because of very low target signal rates and an open loop system with (usually) no performance feedback. Four experiments were conducted to see whether operator vigilance, as reflected by target detection latency, could be enhanced through signal injection and performance feedback. In each of these experiments, target detection performance was markedly enhanced. The effects were operationally and statistically significant and generally increased with time on watch. The beneficial effects were shown not to be simply a function of increased signal rate due to signal injection. Analysis using a signal detection theory model showed that the target reporting threshold dropped under the experimental treatment and detection efficiency increased. In addition, it was shown that the subjects spent significantly more time observing the search display with signal injection and feedback. On the negative side, there was a modest increase in false alarms which was judged to be tolerable in view of the marked reduction in target detection times. Most false alarms were quickly recognized and reported as such. These beneficial effects were confirmed in a fifth experiment using trained sonar operators as subjects and prototype displays of an advanced sonar system.     

Prospective issues for error detection

From the literature on error detection, the authors select several concepts relating error detection mechanisms and prospective memory features. They emphasize the central role of intention in the classification of the errors into slips/lapses/mistakes, in the error handling process and in the usual distinction between action-based and outcome-based detection. Intention is again a core concept in their investigation of prospective memory theory, where they point out the contribution of intention retrievals, intention persistence and output monitoring in the individual's possibilities for detecting their errors. The involvement of the frontal lobes in prospective memory and in error detection is also analysed. From the chronology of a prospective memory task, the authors finally suggest a model for error detection also accounting for neural mechanisms highlighted by studies on error-related brain activity.     

Differentiating slip-induced falls from normal walking and successful recovery after slips using kinematic measures

Slip-induced falls are prevalent and serious in occupational settings. Fall detection can minimise the adverse consequences caused by falls. However, a limitation in the existing fall detection research is that the fall indicators were predetermined without any theoretical and experimental basis. This study aimed to determine the optimal fall indicators for fall detection research by experimentally examining a comprehensive set of kinematic measures. The body kinematic measures were compared among normal walking, successful recovery after slips and slip-induced falls. We identified the kinematic measures that differ between falls and the selected non-fall activities (i.e. successful recovery and normal walking), especially at the early stage of loss-of-balance due to slips. Findings obtained from this study can enhance the understanding of kinematic differences between slip-induced falls and non-fall activities, and such knowledge is particularly useful for developing fall detection models.

Practitioner Summary: Slips have been reported to be a major cause of accidental falls. Findings from this study can help determine the kinematic measures that can effectively and efficiently differentiate slip-induced falls from successful recovery and normal walking. Such knowledge can help develop effective strategies to prevent slip-induced falls.