Traffic accidents involving fatigue driving and their extent of casualties

The rapid progress of motorization has increased the number of traffic-related casualties. Although fatigue driving is a major cause of traffic accidents, the public remains not rather aware of its potential harmfulness. Fatigue driving has been termed as a “silent killer.” Thus, a thorough study of traffic accidents and the risk factors associated with fatigue-related casualties is of utmost importance. In this study, we analyze traffic accident data for the period 2006–2010 in Guangdong Province, China. The study data were extracted from the traffic accident database of China's Public Security Department. A logistic regression model is used to assess the effect of driver characteristics, type of vehicles, road conditions, and environmental factors on fatigue-related traffic accident occurrence and severity. On the one hand, male drivers, trucks, driving during midnight to dawn, and morning rush hours are identified as risk factors of fatigue-related crashes but do not necessarily result in severe casualties. Driving at night without street-lights contributes to fatigue-related crashes and severe casualties. On the other hand, while factors such as less experienced drivers, unsafe vehicle status, slippery roads, driving at night with street-lights, and weekends do not have significant effect on fatigue-related crashes, yet accidents associated with these factors are likely to have severe casualties. The empirical results of the present study have important policy implications on the reduction of fatigue-related crashes as well as their severity.     

Validation of the Driver’s Angry Thoughts Questionnaire (DATQ) in a Chinese sample

The relationship between driving anger and negative driving outcomes, such as dangerous driving behaviors and traffic violations, has been the topic of several studies, but few studies have explored drivers’ angry thoughts when they encounter anger-provoking situations and the potential consequences of such thoughts. The purpose of this study was to investigate drivers’ angry thoughts behind the wheel and their relationship with dangerous driving behaviors. A total of 303 Chinese drivers completed the Chinese version of the Driver’s Angry Thoughts Questionnaire (DATQ), the Dula Dangerous Driving Index (DDDI) and the Driving Anger Scale (DAS). A confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) of the Chinese DATQ yielded a five-factor solution with 20 items that showed the best goodness of fit for the data. The brief DATQ also showed good reliability and validity. Three forms of aggressive thinking were positively correlated with dangerous driving behaviors, and coping self-instruction was negatively correlated with dangerous driving behaviors and traffic violations. More importantly, aggressive thinking mediated the effect of driving anger on dangerous driving behaviors, indicating the importance of thoughts behind the wheel. These results provide evidence supporting the development of strategies to reduce and prevent aggressive driving and accidents.     

A primary influence vertex approach to identify driving factors in complex integrated agri-industrial systems – an example from sugarcane supply and processing systems

Integrated agri-industrial systems (IAISs), such as sugarcane supply and processing systems, are complex systems and hence generally difficult to understand and manage. The large number factors in IAISs coupled with the complex interrelationships among the factors make it challenging to identify the points of intervention for improving their overall performance. Several approaches, such as the network theory and the Theory of Constraints have been used to identify important factors in systems with variations in success. This paper demonstrates a primary influence vertex approach for identifying and ranking the factors that drive the performance of IAISs. The approach is based on comprehensive causal network analyses and was tested in four relatively diverse large-scale sugarcane milling operations in South Africa. Results from the analyses were found to be consistent with the literature and external knowledge of the milling areas as at the time of the study. It is concluded that the approach can proffer a sound basis from which deeper rooted problems in systems can be identified on an ongoing basis. It is, however, recommended that the approach should be systematically compared with other relevant methods that are used to analyse complex systems.     

基于连续压导探针的炸药爆速和临界直径测试方法?

临界直径是确定炸药合理装药直径、预防炸药拒爆和不完全爆轰的重要指标,对炸药性能提高和高效利用有着十分重要的意义。设计了一种连续压导探针和楔形装药装置,在对炸药爆速进行测试的同时,利用炸药在临界直径不完全爆轰的特征,通过寻找爆轰波传播的拐点确定炸药临界直径。试验结果表明:装药密度为0.9g/cm3的铵油炸药爆速为3 261 m/s,临界直径为12.5 mm。提供了一种可同时测得炸药爆速和临界直径的方法,该方法简单,试验费用低,对炸药参数测试具有一定的指导意义。     

不同气氛对TATB基含铝炸药爆热的影响

为了测定三氨基三硝基苯(TATB)基含铝炸药在不同气氛中的爆热,使用绝热式量热弹对其压装药在真空、0.1 MPa氮气、0.1 MPa空气、0.1 MPa氧气和1.5 MPa氧气条件下的爆热进行了测量,研究了其能量释放规律,并使用X射线衍射(XRD)对固相产物成分进行了分析。结果表明:TATB基含铝炸药在真空、0.1 MPa氮气、0.1 MPa空气、0.1 MPa氧气和1.5 MPa氧气条件下的爆热依次增加;环境中压力的增加会导致爆热值增大,在0.1MPa氮气中,TATB基含铝炸药的爆热值比真空中增加了15.7%。环境中氧气量的增加也使爆热值增大:0.1 MPa空气中的爆热值比0.1 MPa氮气中增加了7.8%,0.1 MPa氧气中的爆热值比0.1 MPa氮气中高出49.7%,1.5MPa氧气中的爆热值比0.1 MPa氮气中高出146.1%。在富氧气氛下测试TATB基含铝炸药的爆热时,所测爆热接近于炸药的燃烧热,且爆炸产物的XRD结果也表明Al粉已基本氧化完全。同时,在0.1 MPa氮气气氛下没有检测到氮化物Al N的存在。该方法可对不同气氛下含铝炸药的爆热进行测量,并对爆炸产物中Al的存在形式进行分析。     

基于CFD的新型风幕控尘装置的模拟研究及其应用

针对传统风幕控尘装置设备多、空间小、掘进机移动不便等诸多不足之处,⌒进行了优化设计。为确保新型风幕控尘装置的实际应用效果,指导现场防尘系统设计,确定抽出式风机风筒安设位置,依(山西某矿掘进巷道工作面1:1建立了物理几何模型,并利用计算流体动力学(CFD)进行模拟。根(湍流模型特性及流体运动特点,选取拉格朗日法离散相模型对掘进巷道粉尘浓度分布进行了模拟分析并进行现场实践。结果显示,所选物理几何模型参数设置合理,拟合精度达到预测要求;加装新型风幕控尘装置前后,粉尘浓度下降对比明显;距底板2.1 m处安设抽出式风机风筒时,系统降尘效果显著。     

液压驱动机械臂的设计与关节驱动分析

设计了一种新型六自由度串联机械臂,并提出了基于液压摆动缸的机械臂驱动关节控制方法。机械臂驱动关节由两个输出轴相互垂直的液压摆动缸提供动能,驱动形式采用闭环液压驱动,闭环控制系统由上位机、信号控制卡、电位传感器等组成。建立了该机械臂的三维模型,应用D-H方法对其进行了运动学建模和正向运动学分析,最后对基于液压摆动缸的机械臂驱动关节控制方法进行了实验分析,得出了机械臂关节运行速度与脉宽调制(PWM)调速占空比的关系,根据实验结果得出了相应的运动曲线关系,为串联机械臂位置控制、运动路径控制研究提供了基础。     

治疗超声系统换能器阻抗及驱动功率测量技术

换能器是治疗超声系统的核心部件之一,其阻抗和驱动功率关系到治疗超声的安全性和有效性。文章研制出一种基于电压-电流转换电路和数据采集卡的测量装置。使用该装置测量频率为1.36 MHz和3 MHz换能器在不同幅度信号驱动下的阻抗、相位角和功率。该装置的测量结果与采用电压、电流探头及功率组件的示波器方法和商用功率计方法的测量结果进行了对比,表明本装置测量阻抗模相对误差在±2Ω以内,阻抗角相对误差在±2°以内,测量入射功率和有功功率误差小于5%。结果证明了用该装置实时测量换能器阻抗和驱动功率的可行性。     

变频调速技术在刨煤机成套开采系统中的应用

介绍了刨煤机成套开采系统的组成及变频调速技术在该系统中的应用。变频调整技术的应用提高了传动系统的调速效率,使得传动系统能够实现无级调速,降低了刨煤机成套开采系统在启动时传动系统承受的振动载荷,解决了刨头牵引电动机因频繁启动、换向而发热的缺陷,实现了真正意义上的"软启动",提高了刨煤机成套开采系统的传动可靠性和工作安全性。     

案例驱动下数据结构教材的编写

介绍数据结构的基本概念,讨论对数据结构课程的认知,提出教材编写过程中的几个要点,强调案例驱动教学模式在教材编写中的重要性,从而形成教材自身的特色。