酚油共萃协同解毒技术及其在煤化工高浓废水中的应用

煤化工高浓废水因成分复杂、污染物浓度高、毒性大、可生化性低等特点受到环保行业广泛关注,废水中含有高浓度的氨氮、酚类和油类物质及杂环化合物和多环芳烃等高毒性污染物,高效脱酚和深度解毒是该类废水处理的两大瓶颈。本工作从过程污染控制角度提出了酚油共萃协同解毒技术,配合研发的酚油联合脱除专用萃取剂IPE-PO,有针对性地处理云南某企业的煤化工高浓废水。用GC-MS检测了处理前后废水中的有机物种类,并与工业应用广泛的甲基异丁基酮萃取剂(MIBK)萃取体系进行对比。预处理后废水中的化学需氧量(COD)、总酚、氨氮(NH4+?N)、有机物的吸光度(UV254)平均脱除率分别为77.69%, 90.45%, 97.10%和82.19%,去除了大部分有毒污染物,废水的可生化性显著提高。处理后废水中的有机物种类从原水中的101种减至74种,展现了该技术在处理有毒物质方面的优势。经生化和深度处理,废水COD从31000~37000 mg/L降至100 mg/L以下,UV254从197 cm?1降至0.5 cm?1,可直接排入污水厂,运行成本不超过10元/t。IPE-PO萃取剂酚油协同共萃解毒技术在煤化工废水处理上是一种可行且高效的预处理方法。     

Synergistic effect of TiO2 and iron oxide supported on fluorocarbon films: Part 2: Long-term stability and influence of reaction parameters on photoactivated degradation of pollutants

The degradation of hydroquinone (HQ) and nalidixic acid (NA) mediated by TiO₂ and iron oxide immobilized on functionalized polyvinyl fluoride films (PVF^f–TiO₂–Fe oxide) in the presence of H₂O₂ under simulated solar light has been examined. The results show that the contribution of homogeneous photo-Fenton oxidation to the initial mineralization process was low. The degradation rates were not dependant of initial pH. Heterogeneous photocatalytic activity of PVF^f–TiO₂–Fe oxide was enhanced by increasing temperature, NaCl addition and by long-term utilization.The PVF^f–TiO₂–Fe oxide surface was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) at different states of utilization. Correlations between the catalyst surface composition and degradation kinetics are discussed. Long-term stability evaluated by repetitive pollutant degradations was outstanding. The presence of TiO₂ seems to (i) limit contact between polymer film and highly reactive radicals in the solution and (ii) act as a charge trap. Moreover, during the photocatalysis mediated by PVF^f–TiO₂–Fe oxide, some leaching of supported iron increased the amount of the top TiO₂ layer exposed to the light increasing the synergistic effects between the two oxides leading to enhanced pollutant degradation.     

Biochemical Functions of Geophagy in Parrots: Detoxification of Dietary Toxins and Cytoprotective Effects

This study tests hypotheses on the biochemical functions of geophagy in parrots: mechanical enhancement of digestion, acid buffering capacity, mineral supplementation, adsorption of dietary toxins, and gastrointestinal cytoprotection. Parrots showed clear preferences for specific soil horizons. Comparisons of preferred and nonpreferred soils from several sites suggest that soils have little ability to enhance grinding and no measurable ability to buffer gastric pH. Soils offered insignificant mineral supplementation since most minerals occurred at similar levels in samples regardless of preference, and the minerals were generally more plentiful in the birds' diets. Sodium was available in moderate levels at some sites (>1000 ppm), but was well below sodium detection thresholds of parrots. X-ray diffraction, cation exchange capacity, and in vitro adsorptive trials showed that the preferred soils are capable of exchanging substantial quantities of cations and are capable of adsorbing low-molecular-weight secondary compounds. In captive Amazona parrots, orally administered clay reduced the bioavailability of the alkaloid quinidine by roughly 60%, demonstrating that in vivo adsorption of potentially toxic compounds may be a biologically important function of geophagy. Labeled clay remained in the lower gastrointestinal tract of captive parrots for >12 hr, which along with high adsorptive capacities, further suggests a potential role in protecting the gastrointestinal lining from various biological and chemical insults. Detoxification and cytoprotection are the most likely functions of geophagy for parrots and herbivores with similar ecologies. Given the variety of chemically defended seeds consumed by these herbivores, geophagy likely protects consumers from dietary toxins, allowing increased diet breadth and/or enhancing digestibility.     

Role of Detoxification of Plant Secondary Compounds on Diet Breadth in a Mammalian Herbivore, Trichosurus vulpecula

Theory predicts that mammalian herbivores detoxify different classes of plant secondary compounds via separate metabolic pathways and that generalist herbivores maintain broad diet breadth to avoid overloading individual detoxification pathways. We tested the hypothesis that a generalist marsupial herbivore, the common brushtail possum, Trichosurus vulpecula, can maintain a higher intake of food when allowed to select from two diets containing different profiles of secondary compounds (phenolics and terpenes) than when given access to the diets individually. Diets consisted of a fruit and vegetable mash to which was added ground leaves of either Eucalyptus melliodora or E. radiata. E. melliodora and E. radiata differ in their concentrations and types of secondary compounds. Brushtail possums include these eucalypt species as part of their natural diet. We measured food consumption and detoxification metabolites of possums on these diets. Consistent with the hypothesis, animals presented with a choice of both diets consumed more food than animals given diets singly. One of the two indicators of detoxification, acid load in urine, differed significantly between diets while the other, glucuronic acid, did not. These results provide partial support for the hypothesis that diet breadth is governed by detoxification abilities.     

The fate of mycotoxins during thermal food processing

Mycotoxins are considered to be heat‐stable molecules. Because of their toxic effects, information about their stability in thermal processes and potential inactivation procedures is needed. Numerous reports in the literature over a number of years have described the fate of mycotoxin during thermal food processing, including cooking, boiling, baking, frying, roasting and pasteurization. This review focuses on the effects of various thermal treatments on mycotoxins, while the fate of mycotoxins during extrusion processing, which is one of the most important technologies employed in the food industry, will also be reviewed. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry     

微波辐照生物质解毒铬渣的对比研究

利用农林生物质解毒Cr(Ⅵ)是一种廉价的环境修复手段。实验研究了生物质(玉米秸秆、稻壳、锯末)与铬渣的质量比、微波功率、微波辐射时间等因素对铬渣解毒效果的影响。研究结果表明,3种生物质对铬渣均有较好解毒效果。在微波功率为800 W,作用时间为5.5 min,生物质与铬渣质量比为3的条件下,铬渣中Cr(Ⅵ)的去除率可达95%。     

黄曲霉毒素去毒方法研究进展

黄曲霉毒素毒性极强,具有致癌、致畸和致突变作用,在食物链内污染范围广,严重威胁到人类的健康和饮食安全.目前对黄曲霉毒素去毒方法研究较多,其中安全有效的生物学去毒方法具有很好的发展前景.发展安全、高效且环保的黄曲霉毒素去毒方法是今后研究的热点.