Environmental impact assessment of bio-hydrogenated diesel from hydrogen and co-product of palm oil industry

Bio-hydrogenated diesel (BHD) is a second generation biofuel that can be produced from vegetable oil and hydrogen via hydroprocessing. BHD is considered as one of alternative and renewable energy. This work presents evaluation of environmental impacts of BHD produced from palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD) compared to fatty acid methyl ester (FAME). Greenhouse gas emission, energy consumption, and overall environmental impacts are assessed. System boundary is from palm oil cultivation to BHD production. The functional unit is defined as 1 kg of fuel produced at the plant. The results indicate that energy consumption of BHD-PFAD is 1.18 times higher than that of BHD-FAME, while giving GHG emission 13.56 times lower than that of BHD-FAME. The results of overall environmental impacts indicated that BHD-PFAD was 3.58 greater than that of BHD-FAME.     

Fault detection and diagnostic method of diesel engine by combining rule-based algorithm and BNs/BPNNs

The stable operation of diesel engine is critical to the normal production of the industry, and the prevention, monitoring, and identification of faults are of great significance. At present, the fault research on diesel engines still has some defects, such as only few types of faults diagnosis are identified, the accuracy of fault diagnosis is still low, and fault identification is located at a fixed speed. A novel fault detection and diagnostic method of diesel engine by combining rule-based algorithm and Bayesian networks (BNs) or Back Propagation neural networks (BPNNs) is proposed. The signals are processed by wavelet threshold denoising and ensemble empirical mode decomposition. The signal-sensitive feature values are extracted from the decomposed intrinsic mode function. Seven faults are roughly identified using rule-based algorithm and finely identified using BNs or BPNNs. Results show the proposed fault diagnosis method has a good diagnostic performance for a wide range of rotation speeds when the training data for BNs and BPNNs are from fixed speeds. In addition, the influences of the layers of decomposed signals, sensor noise and external excitation interference on the fault diagnostic performance are also researched.     

柴油加氢脱硫三集总动力学

采用固定床反应器，对加氢精制催化剂上的深度加氢脱硫(HDS)动力学进行研究，考察了反应温度、氢分压和空速对柴油脱硫效果的影响。根据柴油中各种硫化物的脱除行为，按被脱除的难易程度将柴油中的硫化物分为3类，构成三集总HDS模型，获得不同温度下的表观活化能(E)、指前因子(A)和对氢分压的分级数值。假定3类硫化物的活化能不变，将其指前因子与柴油的密度和馏程相关联，建立3个指前因子与中平均沸点的关系曲线，结合按温度切割的柴油窄馏分个数，建立三集总一级反应动力学模型，对方程进行了相关系数(R2)和残差检验。结果表明，所得动力学模型与实验数据吻合良好，在实际应用中可为开发新型超深度HDS催化剂及工艺提供理论指导。     

0.9Mt/a柴油加氢改质装置的设计与标定

对国内某炼厂0.9 Mt/a柴油加氢改质装置的工程设计与工业标定进行了总结,介绍了该装置工艺及工程技术特点,并对装置的工业运转标定结果作出分析。结果表明,柴油加氢改质催化剂FF-20和加氢精制催化剂FF-36效果良好,柴油产品硫含量、凝点、十六烷指数均达到了设计值要求。     

引燃柴油量及喷射间隔对直喷天然气发动机排放的影响

为优化直喷天然气发动机的喷射策略,在一台六缸电控直喷天然气发动机上,用试验方法研究了引燃柴油量及柴油摘/天然气喷射间隔对发动机 HC、CO和 NO_x排放的影响。试验结果表明:喷射间隔一定时, HC排放随引燃柴油喷射量的增加而降低；在引燃柴油喷射量为 4.0 mg时, HC排放随喷射间隔的增加而增加；引燃柴油喷射量在 6.0～11.5 mg范围内, HC排放在喷射间隔从 0.5 ms变化到 1.1 ms时,变化较小；喷射间隔增加到 1.4 ms时, HC排放升高趋势明显。 CO排放随引燃柴油喷射量的变化规律为先降低后升高；在不同的柴油喷射量下增加喷射间隔, CO排放均降低。 NO_x排放随引燃柴油喷射量的增加先降低后升高；在喷射间隔为 0.5 ms时, NO_x排放相对较小,在喷射间隔为 1.4 ms时, NO_x排放最高。增加引燃柴油喷射量有利于 HC的减排,对 CO排放的影响较小,但会导致 NO_x排放的恶化；增加喷射间隔会促使 HC和 NO_x排放的升高,但 CO排放有所降低。     

舰船柴油机缸内工作过程监测系统设计与实现

柴油机缸内工作过程监测是准确掌握柴油机工作状态,及时发现早期故障隐患的重要手段。介绍了舰船柴油机缸内工作过程监测技术应用现状,提出了柴油机缸内工作过程监测系统的设计方案,针对该监测系统在设计与研制过程中存在的高温动态压力传感器、数据采集模块、数据分析处理方法、系统故障诊断与预警等主要技术难题,给出了具体实现方法。通过对船用柴油机热工性能实际监测与诊断分析应用表明,该系统具有良好的柴油机热工性能分析和故障诊断实用价值。     

储能型功率补偿系统的控制及其储能元件参数设计

为优化柴油发电机组(diesel generator,DG)的动态输出电能质量,将包含超级电容(super capacitor,SC)的储能型功率补偿系统(storage energy-power compensation system,SE-PCS)与DG相并联共同为负载供电。提出用于SE-PCS的基于e指数函数的动态参考有功功率生成方案。在负载突变时,由SE-PCS按照e指数函数短时输出有功功率以提高DG的动态输出性能。给出了e指数函数的初值、时间常数以及SC容值的设计原则。进一步分析了SC内阻对SC输出电压范围的影响,进而给出了新的保持SC输出电压范围不变的SC容值设计原则,以保持系统的安全可靠运行。相应的仿真结果证明了所提出的方案、控制策略及参数设计原则的正确性和有效性。     

炼油工业:市场的变化与技术对策

经济新常态下,中国主要成品油消费仍呈增长趋势,汽油和煤油刚性需求增长较快,而柴油需求增速大幅减少,市场需求的柴/汽比明显下降。环保压力增大,国Ⅴ柴油标准和国Ⅴ汽油标准相继推出,油品质量升级步伐必须加快。乙烷制乙烯技术的大规模市场化使石脑油蒸汽裂解生产低碳烯烃受到挑战,开发具有竞争力的丙烯生产技术受到关注。面对市场的变化,为更加高效、清洁地利用宝贵的石油资源,为满足市场需求多产汽油和喷气燃料,为提供更具竞争力的丙烯等基本化工原料,炼油研发部门近年来主动积极地开发一系列新的关键技术,包括更高效的固定床渣油加氢技术(RHT)、多产轻质油的催化裂化蜡油选择性加氢与选择性FCC集成技术(IHCC)、第三代催化裂化汽油选择性加氢脱硫技术(RSDS-Ⅲ)、柴油超深度加氢脱硫技术(RTS)、催化柴油加氢裂化生产高辛烷值汽油技术(RLG)、低压喷气燃料加氢RHSS技术、多产化工原料的催化丙烯技术(SHMP)。这些技术或技术组合将对支撑未来炼油工业的发展和应对市场变化发挥重要作用。