酸乳制品中乳酸菌分离筛选方法研究

将保加利亚乳酸杆菌和嗜热链球菌在七种固体培养基中的生长情况进行比较，结果表明，酸化ＭＲＳ和Ｍ１７培养基分别是该两菌的较好的分离培养基。菌种的筛选应进行产酸风味和组织状态的综合比较，两菌不同组合菌株的选择应结合不同发酵条件进行。通过该方法分离筛选到不同风味类型的两组混菌。     

蜡状芽孢杆菌的筛选及其产氢性能

为了研究纯菌种对产氢的影响,从污水厂活性污泥中分离了纯的产氢菌种XN12,根据16S rDNA序列和DnaJ基因序列、细胞形态、生理生化数据等多项鉴定分析,该菌种被鉴定为蜡状芽孢杆菌(Bacillus cereus).为了研究该纯菌的产氢性能,实验以葡萄糖为底物,在不同pH值条件下观察其产气情况.实验结果表明:以每摩尔葡萄糖计,该菌在中性条件下获得最大产氢量为1.6 mol.对反应的液相产物的检验结果表明:该菌为丁酸发酵菌,通过丙酮酸代谢途径产出氢气.     

In situ restoration of the surface defects on cement-based materials by bacteria mineralization with spraying method

Defects of cement-based materials can be restored by microbial carbonate precipitation, but in order to accelerate the completion of the mineralization process, previous studies all adopt the approach of immersion in bacterial liquid, which can not be applied for in situ repair. We investigated micro-environment, basophil-domestication of microorganism and effective absorption of micro-organisms by cement-based materials, and adopted spray technology to conduct in situ repairs on the defects on the surface of cement-based materials and enhance the repair process operability. Through microbial carbonate precipitation in the defects by spraying bacteria liquid, 100 μm thickness of calcium carbonate fi lm can be deposited on sample surface and in defects holes' microenvironment within 3 to 5 days. The capillary water absorption coeffi cient of specimen surface is 77% lower than the value before repair. The repairing effect is remarkable which makes it possible to conduct on-site repairs.     

苹果梨醋发酵过程中醋酸发酵条件的优化

以甲酚紫培养基中加入乙醇作为分离培养基,从5种水果样品中分离得到20种醋酸菌,然后通过产酸量的测定,筛选出了一株产醋酸度高的醋酸菌AAB13.探讨了乙醇浓度、菌株接种量、发酵液有效体积对醋酸发酵的影响,并在优化的条件下制备了苹果梨醋.     

Properties of Magnetite Nanoparticles Produced by Magnetotactic Bacteria

The magnetic nanoparticles(magnetite) were prepared through the fermentation of the Magnetospirillum strain WM-1 newly isolated by our group. The samples were characterized by TEM, SAED, XRD, rock magnetic analysis, and Mossbauer spectroscopy. TEM and SAED measurements showed that the magnetosomes formed by strain WM-1 were single crystallites of high perfection with a cubic spinel structure of magnetite. X-ray measurements also fitted very well with standard Fe3O4 reflections with an inverse spinel structure of the magnetite core. The size of crystal as calculated by the Debye-Scherrer's equation was approximately 55 nm. Rock magnetic analysis showed WM-1 synthesized single-domain magnetite magnetosomes, which were arranged in the form of linear chain. The high delta ratio((δFC / δZFC = 4) supported the criteria of Moskowitz test that there were intact magnetosomes chains in cells. The Verwey transition occurred at 105 K that closed to stoochiometric magnetite in composition. These observations provided useful insights into the biomineralization of magnetosomes and properties of M. WM-1 and potential application of biogenic magnetite in biomaterials and biomagnetism.     

Second-Generation Meridianin Analogues Inhibit the Formation of Mycobacterium smegmatis Biofilms and Sensitize Polymyxin-Resistant Gram-Negative Bacteria to Colistin

Drug-resistant bacteria are rapidly becoming a significant problem across the globe. One element that factors into this crisis is the role played by bacterial biofilms in the recalcitrance of some infections to the effects of conventional antibiotics. Bacteria within a biofilm are highly tolerant of both antibiotic treatment and host immune responses. Biofilms are implicated in many chronic infections, including tuberculosis, in which they can act as bacterial reservoirs, requiring an arduous antibiotic regimen to eradicate the infection. A separate, compounding problem is that antibiotics once seen as last-resort drugs, such as the polymyxin colistin, are now seeing more frequent usage as resistance to front-line drugs in Gram-negative bacteria becomes more prevalent. The increased use of such antibiotics inevitably leads to an increased frequency of resistance. Drugs that inhibit biofilms and/or act as adjuvants to overcome resistance to existing antibiotics will potentially be an important component of future approaches to antibacterial treatment. We have previously demonstrated that analogues of the meridianin natural product family possess adjuvant and antibiofilm activities. In this study, we explore structural variation of the lead molecule from previous studies, and identify compounds showing both improved biofilm inhibition potency and synergy with colistin.     

Antimicrobial Action of Water-Soluble β-Chitosan against Clinical Multi-Drug Resistant Bacteria

Recently, the number of patients infected by drug-resistant pathogenic microbes has increased remarkably worldwide, and a number of studies have reported new antibiotics from natural sources. Among them, chitosan, with a high molecular weight and α-conformation, exhibits potent antimicrobial activity, but useful applications as an antibiotic are limited by its cytotoxicity and insolubility at physiological pH. In the present study, the antibacterial activity of low molecular weight water-soluble (LMWS) α-chitosan (α1k, α5k, and α10k with molecular masses of 1, 5, and 10 kDa, respectively) and β-chitosan (β1k, β5k, and β10k) was compared using a range of pathogenic bacteria containing drug-resistant bacteria isolated from patients at different pH. Interestingly, β5k and β10k exhibited potent antibacterial activity, even at pH 7.4, whereas only α10k was effective at pH 7.4. The active target of β-chitosan is the bacterial membrane, where the leakage of calcein is induced in artificial PE/PG vesicles, bacterial mimetic membrane. Moreover, scanning electron microscopy showed that they caused significant morphological changes on the bacterial surfaces. An in vivo study utilizing a bacteria-infected mouse model found that LMWS β-chitosan could be used as a candidate in anti-infective or wound healing therapeutic applications.     

Detection and Identification of Probiotic Lactobacillus plantarum Strains by Multiplex PCR Using RAPD-Derived Primers

Lactobacillus plantarum 2035 and Lactobacillus plantarum ACA-DC 2640 are two lactic acid bacteria (LAB) strains that have been isolated from Feta cheese. Both display significant potential for the production of novel probiotic food products. The aim of the present study was the development of an accurate and efficient method for the molecular detection and identification of the above strains in a single reaction. A multiplex PCR assay was designed for each strain, based on specific primers derived from Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) Sequenced Characterized Amplified Region (SCAR) analysis. The specificity of the assay was tested with a total of 23 different LAB strains, for L. plantarum 2035 and L. plantarum ACA-DC 2640. The multiplex PCR assay was also successfully applied for the detection of the above cultures in yogurt samples prepared in our lab. The proposed methodology may be applied for monitoring the presence of these strains in food products, thus evaluating their probiotic character. Moreover, our strategy may be adapted for other novel LAB strains with probiotic potential, thus providing a powerful tool for molecular discrimination that could be invaluable to the food industry.     

Hydrogen Production by the Thermophilic Bacterium Thermotoga neapolitana

As the only fuel that is not chemically bound to carbon, hydrogen has gained interest as an energy carrier to face the current environmental issues of greenhouse gas emissions and to substitute the depleting non-renewable reserves. In the last years, there has been a significant increase in the number of publications about the bacterium Thermotoga neapolitana that is responsible for production yields of H₂ that are among the highest achievements reported in the literature. Here we present an extensive overview of the most recent studies on this hyperthermophilic bacterium together with a critical discussion of the potential of fermentative production by this bacterium. The review article is organized into sections focused on biochemical, microbiological and technical issues, including the effect of substrate, reactor type, gas sparging, temperature, pH, hydraulic retention time and organic loading parameters on rate and yield of gas production.     

MUCT工艺处理实际生活污水实现亚硝酸型硝化

采用MUCT工艺处理低C/N比实际城市生活污水,研究在连续流工艺中实现亚硝酸型硝化的调控措施。试验在常温下共进行了121 d,结果表明：经过87 d的启动期,最终在水力停留时间（HRT）8h,溶解氧浓度（DO）0.3～0.5 mg·L^-1,污泥回流比80%,缺氧回流比120%,硝化液回流比300%的条件下,成功启动了短程硝化,并稳定维持了35 d。 短程硝化期间,好氧区亚硝酸盐积累率平均62%,最高达到80%;氨氮去除率65%,最高达87%。短程硝化影响因素的分析表明：pH值,游离氨（FA）,游离亚硝酸（FNA）对本试验短程硝化无影响;温度和污泥停留时间（SRT）影响较小;HRT和DO是短程硝化实现的控制因素。荧光原位杂交（fluorescence in situ hybridization, FISH）试验结果表明：当系统由全程硝化状态转为短程硝化状态后,氨氧化细菌（ammonia oxidizing bacteria, AOB）的比例明显提高,最高达到9.3%;亚硝酸盐氧化细菌(nitrite oxidizing bacteria,NOB)以Nitrospira为主,其所占比例明显下降。