A DCM‐Type Red‐Fluorescent Dopant for High‐Performance Organic Electroluminescent Devices

2‐(2‐tert‐Butyl‐6‐((E)‐2‐(2,6,6‐trimethyl‐2,4,5,6‐tetrahydro‐1H‐pyrrolo[3,2,1‐ij]quinolin‐8‐yl)vinyl)‐4H‐pyran‐4‐ylidene)malononitrile (DCQTB) is designed and synthesized in high yield for application as the red‐light‐emitting dopant in organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs). Compared with 4‐(dicyanomethylene)‐2‐tert‐butyl‐6‐(1,1,7,7,‐tetramethyljulolidyl‐9‐enyl)‐4H‐pyran (DCJTB), one of the most efficient red‐emitting dopants, DCQTB exhibits red‐shifted fluorescence but blue‐shifted absorption. The unique characteristics of DCQTB with respect to DCJTB are utilized to achieve a red OLED with improved color purity and luminous efficiency. As a result, the device that uses DCQTB as dopant, with the configuration: indium tin oxide (ITO)/N,N′‐bis(1‐naphthyl)‐N,N′‐diphenyl‐1,1′‐biphenyl‐4,4′‐diamine (NPB; 60 nm)/tris(8‐quinolinolato) aluminum (Alq₃):dopant (2.3 wt %) (7 nm)/2,9‐dimethyl‐4,7‐diphenyl‐1,10‐phenanthroline (BCP; 12 nm)/Alq₃(45 nm)/LiF(0.3 nm):Al (300 nm), shows a larger maximum luminance (L_max = 6021 cd m^–2 at 17 V), higher maximum efficiency (η_max = 4.41 cd A^–1 at 11.5 V (235.5 cd m^–2)), and better chromaticity coordinates (Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage, CIE, (x,y) = (0.65,0.35)) than a DCJTB‐based device with the same structure (L_max = 3453 cd m^–2 at 15.5 V, η_max = 3.01 cd A^–1 at 10 V (17.69 cd m^–2), and CIE (x,y) = (0.62,0.38)). The possible reasons for the red‐shifted emission but blue‐shifted absorption of DCQTB relative to DCJTB are also discussed.     

On the Origin of Green Emission Bands in Fluorene‐Based Conjugated Polymers

Blue‐light‐emitting diodes made of polyfluorenes have low stability and, under operation, rapidly degrade and produce undesirable low‐energy emission bands (green or g‐bands). A spectroelectrochemical study of the degradation process suffered by polyfluorenes is reported here. These polymers lose their electronic properties by electrochemical oxidation and reduction through σ‐bond breaking. In addition, upon electrochemical reduction, the development of a structured green emission band at 485 nm is observed. The position and shape of this band is different from the usual featureless band at 535 nm assigned to fluorenone defects. The green‐light‐emitting product is isolated and analyzed by Fourier‐transform IR spectroscopy; fluorenone formation is excluded. The isolated product is crosslinked; its green emission is probably related to the formation of an intramolecular excimer.     

White Electroluminescence from a Single‐Polymer System with Simultaneous Two‐Color Emission: Polyfluorene Blue Host and Side‐Chain‐Located Orange Dopant

Four single polymers with two kinds of attachment of orange chromophore to blue polymer host for white electroluminescence (EL) were designed. The effect of the side‐chain attachment and main‐chain attachment on the EL efficiencies of the resulting polymers was compared. The side‐chain‐type single polymers are found to exhibit more efficient white EL than that of the main‐chain‐type single polymers. Based on the side‐chain‐type white single polymer with 4‐(4‐alkyloxy‐phenyl)‐7‐(4‐diphenylamino‐phenyl)‐2,1,3‐benzothiadiazoles as the orange‐dopant unit and polyfluorene as the blue polymer host, white EL with simultaneous orange (λ_max = 545 nm) and blue emission (λ_max = 432 nm/460 nm) is realised. A single‐layer device (indium tin oxide/poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene)/polymer/Ca/Al) made of these polymers emits white light with the Commission Internationale de l'Éclairage coordinates of (0.30,0.40), possesses a turn‐on voltage of 3.5 V, luminous efficiency of 10.66 cd A^–1, power efficiency of 6.68 lm W^–1, and a maximum brightness of 21 240 cd m^–2.     

Novel Heteroleptic CuI Complexes with Tunable Emission Color for Efficient Phosphorescent Light‐Emitting Diodes

A series of orange‐red to red phosphorescent heteroleptic Cu^I complexes (the first ligand: 2,2′‐biquinoline (bq), 4,4′‐diphenyl‐2,2′‐biquinoline (dpbq) or 3,3′‐methylen‐4,4′‐diphenyl‐2,2′‐biquinoline (mdpbq); the second ligand: triphenylphosphine or bis[2‐(diphenylphosphino)phenyl]ether (DPEphos)) have been synthesized and fully characterized. With highly rigid bulky biquinoline‐type ligands, complexes [Cu(mdpbq)(PPh₃)₂](BF₄) and [Cu(mdpbq)(DPEphos)](BF₄) emit efficiently in 20 wt % PMMA films with photoluminescence quantum yield of 0.56 and 0.43 and emission maximum of 606 nm and 617 nm, respectively. By doping these complexes in poly(vinyl carbazole) (PVK) or N‐(4‐(carbazol‐9‐yl)phenyl)‐3,6‐bis(carbazol‐9‐yl) carbazole (TCCz), phosphorescent organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs) were fabricated with various device structures. The complex [Cu(mdpbq)(DPEphos)](BF₄) exhibits the best device performance. With the device structure of ITO/PEDOT/TCCz:[Cu(mdpbq)(DPEphos)](BF₄) (15 wt %)/TPBI/LiF/Al (III), a current efficiency up to 6.4 cd A^–1 with the Commission Internationale de L'Eclairage (CIE) coordinates of (0.61, 0.39) has been realized. To our best knowledge, this is the first report of efficient mononuclear Cu^I complexes with red emission.     

电子商务中SET协议的实现与分析

SET是目前在电子商务中一种安全电子交易协议,尤其在网上交易中有着广泛地应用,是大多数在线支付所采用的交易协议。这里探讨了SET协议的作用、技术实现、工作流程、认证系统的实现等;对它的一些典型应用进行了描述;并且对SET的工作效率、安全性进行了分析。     

电子商务中的PKI、SSL与SET的技术分析

PKI是目前在电子商务中安全传输方案，SSL和SET两种安全的电子交易协议，在网上交易中有着广泛地应用，是大多数在线支付所采用的支付协议。这里在探讨PKI、SSL、SET技术原理的基础上，对它们各自的作用、技术实现、工作漉程等进行了描述；对它们之间的联系、区别、应用范围进行了深入的分析。     

LISP-HIMS:一种基于LISP的层次化标识映射系统

针对目前全球路由表规模高速增长的问题,IETF提出可以通过分离主机的身份标识和路由标识地址空间来重新考量互联网寻址体系结构。思科公司提出的LISP(Locator Identity Separation Protocol)是基于该思想提出的主流方案之一。首先提出一种新的基于LISP的层次化标识映射系统,以克服目前其他LISP映射系统的不足,然后详细阐述该系统的模型、工作模式以及主机身份标识的分配方案;最后与其他LISP映射系统进行了分析与比较,结果表明,该系统具有良好的可扩展性以及更低的映射信息查询时延。     

基于动态ID带搜索密钥的RFID认证协议

针对射频识别（RFID）认证协议安全性较差的问题,设计一个基于动态ID带搜索密钥的RFID认证协议。标签利用单向hash函数的部分输出更新搜索密钥和ID。分析表明,该协议能够有效地实现标签与阅读器之间的相互认证,同时能够抵抗包含前向安全、后向安全、位置跟踪在内的多种攻击,而且硬件需求不高,适合低成本标签使用。     

A Facile Preparative Route of Nanoscale Perovskites over Mesoporous Metal Oxide Films and Their Applications to Photosensitizers and Light Emitters

By two‐step sequential Pb²⁺ adsorption and reaction with methylammonium‐iodide (MAI) or ‐bromide (MABr) at a low concentration level of 0.06–0.10 m over mesoporous TiO₂ or ZrO₂ film, a well‐defined nanoscale CH₃NH₃PbI₃ (MAPbI₃) photosensitizer or CH₃NH₃PbBr₃ (MAPbBr₃) light emitter could be prepared in situ, respectively in a reproducible and atom‐economical way. The as‐prepared nanoscale perovskites are compared with their thin film counterparts in terms of light absorption/emission, crystallinity, surface morphology, and energy‐conversion efficiency. The nanoscale perovskite‐decorated films display more transparency than the bulky film due to the much lower amount deposited, while blueshifted and overwhelmingly brighter photoluminescence is observed in the “nano” relative to the “bulk” due to quantum size confinement. Transmission electron microscopy images also clearly show that a few nanometer‐sized perovskite dots are deposited homogeneously over the surface of TiO₂‐ or ZrO₂‐particulate film in the course of the current preparative route. When the nano‐MAPbI₃ is tested as a photosensitizer in a solid‐state dye‐sensitized solar cell configuration with a very thin ( ≈ 650 nm) TiO₂ mesoporous film, it has a promising initial power conversion efficiency of 6.23%, which outperformed the result of 2.28% from a typical organic molecular dye coded as MK‐2.     

微波非接触式智能卡中射频系统和电路的设计实现

采用了Agilent公司ADS2002软件、Ansoft公司的Ensemble软件对微波非接触智能卡中射频系统和电路进行了仿真和设计。主要进行收发信道性能的仿真、天馈系统设计以及各单元电路之间匹配电路的设计。