Hydrostatic-pressure-induced depolarization of (Pb1-1.5xLax)(Zr0.80Ti0.20)O3 ferroelectric ceramics

Pulse power energy conversion materials with ultrafast discharge processes and ultrahigh power densities have been widely used in the defense, energy, medical, and mining fields. The pressure-driven depolarization in ferroelectric materials is significant and accounts for the discharge processes. In this study, we focus on pressure-induced depolarization in (Pb_1-1.5xLa_x)(Zr_0.80Ti_0.20)O₃ (PLZT) (x = 0-0.07) ceramics, and their corresponding phase structure, dielectric properties, ferroelectric properties, and thermal depolarization performances. Although a satisfactory pulse power energy conversion performance has been achieved in Pb(Zr_0.95Ti_0.05)O₃ materials, poor temperature stability negatively influences their application. The static charge densities of PLZT (x = 0.04, 0.06) decreased from 29.11 μC/cm² and 31.53 μC/cm² to 19.76 μC/cm² and 6.56 μC/cm² under 400 MPa hydrostatic pressure, respectively, which is attributed to a pressure-driven ferroelectric-antiferroelectric phase structural transition. In particular, the temperature stability of PLZT (x = 0.06) materials is up to 87°C. This study may guide the further development pulse power energy conversion devices.     

Simultaneously achieved high-energy storage density and efficiency in (K,Na)NbO3-based lead-free ferroelectric films

With the development of advanced electrical and electronic devices and the requirement of environmental protection, lead-free dielectric capacitors with excellent energy storage performance have aroused great attention. However, it is a great challenge to achieve both large energy storage density and high efficiency simultaneously in dielectric capacitors. This work investigates the energy storage performance of sol-gel-processed (K,Na)NbO₃-based lead-free ferroelectric films on silicon substrates with compositions of 0.95(K_0.49Na_0.49Li_0.02)(Nb_0.8Ta_0.2)O₃-0.05CaZrO₃-x mol% Mn (KNN-LT-CZ5-x mol% Mn). The appropriate amount of Mn-doping facilitates the coexistence of orthorhombic and tetragonal phases, suppresses the leakage current, and considerably enhances the breakdown strengths of KNN-LT-CZ5 films. Consequently, large recoverable energy storage density up to 64.6 J cm⁻³ with a high efficiency of 84.6% under an electric field of 3080 kV cm⁻¹ are achieved in KNN-LT-CZ5-5 mol% Mn film. This, to the best of our knowledge, is superior to the majority of both the lead-based and lead-free films on silicon substrates and thus demonstrates great potentials of (K,Na)NbO₃-based lead-free films as dielectric energy storage materials.     

Ce3+/Tb3+-coactived NaMgBO3 phosphors toward versatile applications in white LED,FED, and optical anti-counterfeiting

Ce³⁺/Tb³⁺ co-doped NaMgBO₃ phosphors were successfully synthesized by solid-state method. Under 381 nm excitation, the cyan emission owing to the 5d → 4f of Ce³⁺ ions and green emissions arising from the ⁵D₄ → ⁷F_J (J = 6, 5, 4, and 3) transitions of Tb³⁺ ions were seen in all the phosphors. Through theoretical analysis, one knows that the energy transfer from Ce³⁺ to Tb³⁺ ions with high efficiency of 83.74% was contributed by dipole–dipole transition. Furthermore, the internal quantum efficiency of NaMgBO₃:0.01Ce³⁺,0.03Tb³⁺ phosphor was 54.28%. Compared with that of at 303 K, the emission intensity of the developed products at 423 K still kept 73%, revealing the splendid thermal stability of the studied phosphors. Through utilizing the resultant phosphors as cyan-green components, the fabricated white-LED device exhibited an excellent correlated color temperature of 2785 K, high color-rendering index of 85.73, suitable luminance efficiency of 25.00 lm/W, and appropriate color coordinate of (0.4279, 0.3617). Aside from the superior photoluminescence, the synthesized phosphors also exhibited excellent cathode-luminescence properties which were sensitive to the current and accelerating voltage. Furthermore, the NaMgBO₃:0.01Ce³⁺,0.03Tb³⁺ phosphors with multi-mode emissions were promising candidates for optical anti-counterfeiting. All the results indicated that the Ce³⁺/Tb³⁺ co-doped NaMgBO₃ phosphors were potential multi-platforms toward white-LED, field emission displays, and optical anti-counterfeiting applications.     

Optimization of the in Situ Transesterification of Grain Sorghum (Milo) DDGS to Fatty Acid Methyl Esters and Fatty Acid Ethyl Esters

Distillers grains and solubles generated from the ethanol fermentation of grains contain acylglycerols (AG) that can be successfully converted to fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) and fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEE), commonly known as biodiesel. However, when grain sorghum (milo) DDGS were used as a feedstock for in situ transesterification (IST) under the previously established optimal conditions for other AG-bearing substrates, the yield plateaued at only 32.2% (corrected in this study to 24.2%). Several IST studies have reported significantly higher conversions of AG-bearing substrates to FAME. Therefore, the goal of this IST study was to improve the conversion of the AG in milo DDGS to FAME and FAEE by varying the temperature of reaction, the concentrations of the base (sodium methylate, NaOMe), volume of methanol and ethanol, and the amount of moisture in DDGS. Methyl tert-butyl ester was also evaluated as a co-solvent intended to improve miscibility and reaction rate. Among these variables, the most effective change was an increase in temperature from 40 to 65 °C. The most successful reaction used a AG:NaOMe:MeOH molar ratio of 1.0:2.6:168.9. Those reaction conditions used 4.8 mmol NaOMe dissolved in 12.6 mL MeOH and resulted in a 79.8% conversion of AG to FAME.     

Crack growth angle prediction of an internal crack under mixed mode load for unfilled elastomer using the strain energy density factor

This article investigates the prediction of the crack growth angle of an existing internal crack under mixed mode loading at the crack tip for an unfilled ethylene propylene diene terpolymer rubber (EPDM). For the realization of mixed mode loading, the cracks of the uniaxial loaded specimens were oriented with different angles to the loading direction. The energy density factor was used as a potential criterion for determining the crack growth angle. The determination of the strain energy density factor was carried out simulatively in Abaqus. The second-order Ogden model was used to describe the rubber-like material behavior. The relative local minimum of the strain energy density factor provides the possible growth angle. The experimental investigations show that the initial cracks grow orthogonally to the loading direction for the different crack orientation angles. For the crack orientation angle parallel to the load direction, the crack growth was observed because the strong stretching of the specimen caused strong necking in the crack region. The crack growth for the remaining crack orientation angles were induced due to shear loading at the crack tip. The predictive angle of different crack orientation angles shows very good accordance to the measured crack growth angles.     

海上多平台互联电力系统故障后的供电恢复策略

在电力系统出现故障后,恢复非故障区域的供电可有效提高系统自愈能力。针对应急发电机、储能装置辅助的海上多平台互联电力系统,提出了一种适用于孤岛电网故障后的供电恢复策略。首先,提出了电源恢复优化模型所考虑的4种指标:故障恢复效果、故障恢复时间成本、对非故障区域内潮流影响和启动应急发电机数量。此外,给出了具有潮流约束、网络安全约束和网络拓扑约束的故障后供电恢复优化模型。然后,将遗传算法应用于该供电恢复策略中,通过改变电力系统中开关的分合状态来调整电网的运行方式,进而恢复非故障区域的供电。最后,结合IEEE 53节点配电系统和海上多平台互联电力系统的大量仿真实验,验证了所提电源恢复策略的有效性,此外,还评估了含储能的海上多平台互联电力系统的自愈控制能力。     

考虑动态备用需求曲线的电能量-备用耦合出清模型

电力市场中,价格帽等原因会导致缺失收入(missing money)和发电容量充裕度不足等问题。以美国得克萨斯州为代表的备用需求曲线是国外电力市场解决此问题的成熟方法之一,但得克萨斯州的曲线是相对静态的曲线,且备用价格增量推导原理未明确公开。为此,文中通过考虑可再生能源、负荷预测的不确定性,以及不同品种的备用产品,制定动态备用需求曲线。基于电能量-备用耦合现货出清模型,推导了考虑备用需求曲线的现货价格公式,并分析了国外现有机制忽略的备用价格增量高阶项问题,并通过中国华东某省数据进行验证。结果表明,备用需求曲线可以体现稀缺定价,通过备用价格增量动态反映可再生能源、负荷等波动下的系统实时容量充裕度情况。通过稀缺定价机制可以合理提高电厂收入,有利于保障系统充裕度。     

需求侧能量共享:概念、机制与展望

分布式可再生能源的蓬勃发展为建设清洁高效智能电网提供了新途径,但同时也导致了需求侧用户行为更随机、能量管理更困难、设备利用更低效等问题。为应对这些新挑战,充分调动需求侧灵活性,能量共享作为一种分布式运营新范式应运而生。文中给出了需求侧能量共享的概念,分析了其在平抑不确定性、提升运行经济性和提高设备利用效率等方面的潜力,并对能量共享机制的设计要点及基本要求进行了详细阐述。在此基础上,从合作博弈与非合作博弈2个角度将国内外能量共享机制设计相关研究归纳为5类,总结了当前的研究进展与亟待解决的问题。最后,从需求侧能量共享市场内部设计与外部衔接2个方面,对未来的研究方向进行了展望。     

高比例可再生能源电力系统的快速频率响应市场发展与建议

随着非同步电源渗透率增加,电网的惯性逐步降低,扰动后电网的频率变化率变大,频率调控面临着巨大挑战.近年来,快速频率响应(FFR)的概念已被提出,并应用于一次调频之前,为一次调频响应争取时间,使低惯性系统在一次调频响应前不至于到达系统低频减载的频率阈值.文中从典型FFR资源、辅助服务产品设计、市场交易和应用实例等几方面总结了国外FFR市场开展现状.结合中国电网应对未来低惯性系统的调频需求,阐述了FFR技术的研究趋势,并为中国FFR市场建设提出了建议和展望.     

西北省间实时平衡电力市场探索

新能源出力的波动性和随机性影响电网实时平衡.中国西北电网新能源占比高、平衡资源时空分布不均衡,分省市场实时平衡困难,为此,文中设计西北省间实时平衡电力市场,以发挥西北省间实时平衡能力,适应高比例新能源电网实时平衡需要.首先,结合国内外电力市场建设与西北实时平衡现状,分析了建立西北省间实时平衡市场的必要性;然后,说明了双边竞价的市场运作思路,提出了基于潮流的市场耦合方法的市场竞价出清模型,设计了市场运作流程;最后,讨论了西北省间实时平衡市场与其他市场之间的协调运作,通过模拟算例说明了西北省间实时平衡市场的作用.