Mixed monolayer and mixed micelle formation in binary mixture of surfactants—Systems for trioxyethylenated dodecyl sulfonate and some polyoxyethylenated fatty alcohol ether nonionic surfactants

The interaction and synergism of some polyoxyethylenated fatty alcohol ether (POE) nonionic surfactants (C₁₂E₂, C₁₂E₃, C₁₀E₅, C₁₀E₇, where C_x indicates number of carbon atoms in the chain and E_y indicates number of oxyethylene glycol ethers) with trioxyethylenated dodecyl sulfonate (C₁₂E₃S) in mixed monolayer formation at the surface and in mixed micelle formation in aqueous solutions were studied at 25 and 40°C by calculating interaction parameters (β_α, β_M) from surface tension-concentration data by use of Rosen's equations based on the nonideal solution theory. All the systems investigated adapt reasonably well to the nonideal model, with negative values of β_σ and β_M (where M means micelle and σ refers to the air-liquid interface) indicating a favorable interaction between the mixed surfactants. Either at a monolayer or in a mixed micelle, the attractive interaction becomes stronger when the alkyl chain in the POE surfactant is longer, i.e., when the POE becomes more hydrophobic. The interaction increases in the order C₁₀E₇<C₁₀E₅<C₁₂E₃, C₁₂E₂. For the two C₁₀E _n (n= 5,7)/C₁₂E₃S systems, as temperature increases from 25 to 40°C, the interaction increases in a mixed micelle, but it decreases in a mixed monolayer. Synergism in mixed micelle formation exists for C₁₂E₃S/C₁₀E _n mixtures when X₁ ^M , the mole fraction of POE in a mixed micelle, is ≈0.4–0.8, whereas synergism does not occur in the systems of C₁₂E₃S/C₁₂E _m due to the large difference between CMC₁ and CMC₂, i.e., large |In(C ₁ ^M /C ₂ ^M )| value (where CMC=critical micelle concentration). The degree of synergism in mixed micelle formation is temperature independent and is 0.23, 0.18, and close to zero for C₁₀E₅/C₁₂E₃S, C₁₀E₇/C₁₂E₃S, and C₁₂E _m (m=2,3)/C₁₂E₃S systems, respectively. Synergism in surface tension reduction effectiveness occurs in C₁₂E₃S/C₁₂E₂ and C₁₂E₃S/C₁₂E₃ systems. The mole fractions of POE in the solution phase are 0.302 and 0.333 for the two mixtures at the point of maximum synergism.     

废渣粉煤灰纤维棉增强PVC复合材料

本文选用废渣制成的粉煤灰纤维棉(FAF)和聚氯乙烯(PVC)树脂作为原料,成功制备了FAF/PVC复合材料,研究了FAF的表面处理及其加入量对复合材料力学性能、热性能和硬度的影响,并用SEM对复合材料的界面进行了表征。实验结果表明,相对于纯PVC树脂而言,复合材料含经KH550处理的FAF40phr时,拉伸强度提高约12%;含经软化剂处理的FAF10phr时,冲击强度提高约110%;含经偶联剂和软化剂联合处理的FAF10phr时,冲击强度提高约70%,拉伸强度提高约11%,维卡软化温度随FAF添加量的增加呈上升趋势。研究结果证明,KH550和软化剂联合使用会对复合材料起到有效的增强增韧效果,因此能提高复合材料中FAF的填充量。制成的环保型FAF/PVC复合材料不仅性能全面高于纯PVC,而且材料成本显著降低,为综合利用废渣FAF开拓了新方向。     

Molar volume and ultrasonic studies of europium soaps in mixed organic solvents

The ultrasonic velocity and density measurements of europium soaps in a mixture of benzene and methanol (3:2, vol/vol) were used to evaluate various acoustic parameters and molar volume and to determine the critical micelle concentration. The results showed that the ultrasonic velocity, specific acoustic impedance, molar sound velocity, and molar compressibility increase, and intermolecular free length, adiabatic Compressibility, and relative association decrease with increasing concentration and chainlength of the soap. The results were interpreted in terms of soap-solvent interaction.     

Non-conventional treatment of treated municipal wastewater for reverse osmosis

High-quality potable water can be produced at a reasonable cost if reverse osmosis (RO) technology is applied to renovate secondary/tertiary urban wastewater effluent. Such implementation would yield many advantages to Kuwait, namely: satisfying the increasing agricultural, industrial and domestic demands for good quality water that is free from viruses and bacteria and other microbials present preserving the natural strategic water resources; reducing the environmental pollution resulting from the direct discharge of secondary/tertiary municipal effluents to the sea; and meeting unexpected emergency cases of shortages in freshwater produced from the desalination of seawater for certain domestic applications. The main aims of this work are to assess the technical viability and the economic feasibility of implementing RO technology to renovate Kuwaiti wastewater treated effluent. The paper describes the design of pretreatment, experimental set-up, results, and data analysis of desalinating municipal wastewater by RO. The results indicate that wastewater can be treated to produce an excellent permeate quality almost devoid from salts and pollutants.     

化工搅拌器的参数优选

本文提出了确定化工用搅拌器搅拌时间的一种简单试验方法,并用正交表安排寻找最佳搅拌参数的试验和整理试验数据,得到了有实用价值的结果。     

宁波市蛇蟠岛应急水源地建设与环境效应

在评价宁波市蛇蟠岛淡水资源量的基础上,估算其应急供水规模。通过构建地下水数值模型,预测在应急开采条件下地下水位恢复能力,并对应急开采产生的地下水降落漏斗、地面沉降和咸水入侵等环境效应进行了评价。结果表明,蛇蟠岛地下淡水具有应急水源地建设可行性,为该地区进一步勘查应急水源地提供了依据。     

基于广义Hoek-Brown准则的节理岩体力学参数折剪计算

节理化岩体力学参数是矿山工程地质和稳定性分析的重要基础数据,一般在实验室通过单轴、三轴试验只能得到岩石的力学参数,无法得到岩体的力学参数。目前,利用岩石力学参数确定岩体力学参数的方法较多,但都过于烦琐或准确度不高,急需一种新的简易确定方法。因此,通过利用基于广义Hoek-Brown准则的地质强度指标（GSI法）,并结合相应的岩土分析软件,强度折剪岩石力学参数值,从而得到岩体的力学参数。通过将该方法应用于赤峰中色白音诺尔矿业有限公司岩体力学参数的计算中,证明采用该方法考虑岩体的结构面和完整性,可较为准确地反映节理化岩体的力学特性,且方便可行,具有工程实用价值。?     

浅谈当前环境保护工作现状及对策

随着经济的飞速发展,我国的环境状况在不断恶化。就目前的环境现状、环境污染问题和环境保护工作现状进行了详细分析和阐述,并对环境保护工作提出参考和建议。     

核电工程项目调试工期的影响因素与优化

调试启动工作是核电工程项目进度控制中非常重要的环节,对整个工程的顺利投入运行有着重要的作用。如果调试工期过长,则会导致核电工程不能按期交付使用,从而对整个核电工程的进度造成影响。主要探讨了核电工程项目调试工期的影响因素和优化措施。     

工业喷漆的环境污染研究

化工企业对环境的影响较大,其制造的化工产品严重威胁着人们的健康。近年来,随着化工企业的规模越来越大,其带来的环境污染问题也越来越严峻。就工业喷漆对环境污染的状况和治理措施进行了分析、探究。