极端外部环境下输电线路的综合风险评估方法

针对极端外部环境易引发的巨型停电灾难的问题,提出输电线路的综合风险评估方法。首先采用多维云模型理论,建立极端外部环境下输电线路的综合故障率预测模型;其次,根据预测的故障率,从输电线路自身损失、人身环境损失、社会损失和系统安全损失这4个方面建立一种输电线路的综合风险评估体系;最后,根据电力事故事件调查规程对所建立的综合风险评估体系进行量化评分,并利用贵州电网实例进行验证。算例仿真表明:所建立的输电线路的综合风险评估体系具有良好的实用性、可操作性,而且便于评估。     

高速铣削加工技术在汽车模具制造中的应用

五轴联动铣削可以优化切削过程，参数，有利于降低刀具磨损，减少后加工，是汽车模具加工技术发展的潮流。它适合于使用球头铣刀加工小曲率的凸表面和较浅的凹表面，也可用于使用铣刀侧面加工自由表面。采用3 2轴加工方式下可以最大限度加快走刀。数控铣削比仿型铣削精度高，后加工少。实现五轴高速铣削加工需要不断加强机床计算机数控系统的功能，使之能够直接接收全部设计数据并加以利用，能够有前瞻处理多个程序块，能够方便用户介入计算机辅助制造过程修正设计数据。     

基于桩-土作用效应的滚石撞击桥墩动力响应分析

滚石灾害会直接影响山区桥梁结构使用状况,甚至会导致桥墩偏位、落梁甚至造成整个桥梁发生坍塌。为了能更加真实的模拟滚石撞击桥墩这一动力过程,结合工程实例建立有限元模型,对碰撞动力学分析理论以及数值分析原理进行了介绍。运用LS-DYNA对不同滚石质量、不同滚石速度撞击桥墩时结构动力响应进行参数化分析,研究表明:滚石质量越大、速度越大对桥墩损伤产生的影响越显著。     

液压式馈能减振器的外特性及馈能特性分析

为了使悬架减振器在改善汽车行驶平顺性的同时完成振动能量的回收,首先以某品牌减振器为原型设计一种实用新型液压式馈能减振器的原理及结构,依据工作原理构建该减振器的油液流动中流量与压降之间的关系理论模型;然后在AMESim中建立等效参数化仿真模型分析所设计的液压式馈能减振器的外特性及能量回收特性能否满足实际工作需求;最后在Simulink中进行液压式馈能悬架总成AMESim模型与路面时域输入模型的联合仿真,分析此减振器装车后在实际路面激励下对车辆平顺性的影响及能量回收效果.分析结果表明:此液压式馈能减振器压缩/复原行程阻尼力符合减振器阻尼力允差的国标要求;示功图形状饱满无明显畸变,体现出良好的外特性,满足减振器的设计要求;馈能特性符合最初设计的只在压缩行程回收能量的思想;馈能特性曲线呈现出显著的峰值特性并受到减振器高频响应特性的影响;悬架平顺性满足行驶要求,实际行驶中具有一定的能量回收潜力.本文所设计的液压式馈能减振器基本能达到预期目标,对节能减排有借鉴价值.     

Stability and nonlinear controller analysis of wind energy conversion system with random wind speed

In the recent years, globally wind energy has played a vital role in renewable sources in order to minimize the environmental consequence on power generation, As a result of this, computer models of wind turbines for power system stability studies have been developed and supplied to the consumer. Therefore, the development of such models is of particular consequence for stability of power system, which has been studied and can be structured and integrated into network simulation software are needed. However, in this contribution a nonlinear control design modeling is required to stabilize and analyze wind energy conversion system (WECS) by regulating the electrical frequency and stator voltage amplitude of the squirrel-cage induction generator (SCIG) at random wind speed approach is presented. A design scheme consists of dynamic wind turbine system and 3-phase SCIG unit. In this research study, we employ a unique technique based on feedback linearization technique through field oriented control concepts. The controllers were designed in simulated software Matlab in order to regulate the SCIG constraints. The validation of the developing system models will be appropriate to provide for large system stability and control.     

On power tracking and alleviation by a new controller for fulfilment of the damping and performance requisites for a variable speed wind system: An optimal approach

This paper addresses a new control strategy for a variable wind energy conversion system. The proposed controller aims to regulate the output power tightly in response to the desired value changes and alleviate power oscillations against the disturbances, including wind speed variation and fluctuation of the voltage magnitude, as voltage sag and swell. For the sake of straightforward analysis, an effective and reduced representation for the wind system is developed. In addition to the proper performance, the controller seeks to adequately fulfilment the damping requirements, as though both damping and performance requisites are taken into account control policy. Consequently, the proposed approach focuses on optimal tuning based upon a performance index incorporated into linear quadratic (LQ) cost function, which is subjected to the performance constraints. To validate the controller role, multiple simulation tests are carried out including set point tracking, disturbance rejection against wind speed, voltage sag and swell. Simulation results verify the proposed method features a satisfactory performance and sufficient damping, meeting both aspirations of the power regulation and disturbance suppression.     

Drilling machinability of engineering ceramics under low-frequency axial vibration processing by sintering/brazing composite diamond trepanning bit

Thin-wall diamond trepanning bits are extensively used for processing hard and brittle materials such as engineering ceramics. However, it is difficult to achieve high-efficiency processing of engineering ceramics at a constant feed speed, because of high dynamic compressive strength, high hardness, and low density of engineering ceramics. In this study, a novel composite diamond bit combining sintering and brazing has been designed, along with the low-frequency axial vibration technology, to realize the continuous hole processing of engineering ceramics. Drilling experiments have been conducted on Al₂O₃ and SiC engineering ceramics with a constant feed speed. The variation of axial force, micromorphology of hole wall surface drilled, as well as the method of removing nesting during the drilling process were analyzed. According to the results, the novel composite diamond bit fabricated by combining sintering and brazing, can achieve the continuous hole processing of engineering ceramics at a constant feed speed, including Al₂O₃ and SiC. Compared to the conventional drilling (CD), the low-frequency axial vibration drilling (LFVD) can significantly reduce the axial force, and produce fewer plastic scratches on the hole wall surface drilled. In particular, the automatic blanking ratio approaches to 100% by LFVD, and only about 73.58% by CD. It can be concluded that LFVD technology can be used to realize continuous hole processing of engineering ceramics. The research results achieved in this study show that the drilling machinability of engineering ceramics by LFVD and novel composite diamond bit is good. Accordingly, this study provides a useful reference for continuous processing or batch production of engineering ceramics at a constant feed speed.     

Extrapolating wind speed time series vs. Weibull distribution to assess wind resource to the turbine hub height: A case study on coastal location in Southern Italy

Increasing knowledge on wind shear models to strengthen their reliability appears as a crucial issue, markedly for energy investors to accurately predict the average wind speed at different turbine hub heights, and thus the expected wind energy output. This is particularly helpful during the feasibility study to abate the costs of a wind power project, thus avoiding installation of tall towers, or even more expensive devices such as LIDAR or SODAR.The power law (PL) was found to provide the finest representation of wind speed profiles and is hence the focus of the present study. Besides commonly used for vertical extrapolation of wind speed time series, the PL relationship between “instantaneous” wind profiles was demonstrated by Justus and Mikhail to be consistent with the height variation of Weibull distribution. Therefore, in this work a comparison is performed between these two different PL–based extrapolation approaches to assess wind resource to the turbine hub height: (i) extrapolation of wind speed time series, and (ii) extrapolation of Weibull wind speed distribution. The models developed by Smedman–Högström and Högström (SH), and Panofsky and Dutton (PD) were used to approach (i), while those from Justus and Mikhail (JM) and Spera and Richards (SR) to approach (ii). Models skill in estimating wind shear coefficient was also assessed and compared.PL extrapolation models have been tested over a flat and rough location in Apulia region (Southern Italy), where the role played by atmospheric stability and surface roughness, along with their variability with time and wind characteristics, has been also investigated. A 3-year (1998–2000) 1–h dataset, including wind measurements at 10 and 50 m, has been used. Based on 10–m wind speed observations, the computation of 50–m extrapolated wind resource, Weibull distribution and energy yield has been made. This work is aimed at proceeding the research issue addressed within a previous study, where PL extrapolation models were tested and compared in extrapolating wind resource and energy yield from 10 to 100 m over a complex–topography and smooth coastal site in Tuscany region (Central Italy). As a result, wind speed time series extrapolating models proved to be the most skilful, particularly PD, based on the similarity theory and thus addressing all stability conditions. However, comparable results are returned by the empirical JM Weibull distribution extrapolating model, which indeed proved to be preferable as being: (i) far easier to be used, as z₀–, stability–, and wind speed time series independent; (ii) more conservative, as wind energy is underpredicted rather than overpredicted.     

Precipitation Behavior of Modified as Cast High Nitrogen Super Hard High‐Speed Tool Steel

The properties of high‐speed tool steels can be improved by modifying their chemical composition or the technology of production. Nitrogen alloying is an attractive technology to enhance the mechanical and physical properties of tool steels. In this work, modified super hard high‐speed tool steel was produced through nitrogen alloying and decreasing the level of cobalt content in investigated steels. This work aims to study the effect of nitrogen as alloying element on carbides and carbo‐nitrides precipitates type, shape, and size for investigated steels. From the results obtained from Thermo‐Calc, it was concluded that nitrogen alloying produced large amount of stable austenite, also eutectic carbides precipitates (M₆C and M₇C₃) were stable at room temperature. Transmission electron microscope (TEM) images for traditional grade showed that the as cast structure contains beside the carbides network other single carbides precipitates. While on the other hand the selected area diffraction pattern (SADP) images of nitrogen alloyed grade shows fine carbides and carbo‐nitrides precipitates with more amount of retained austenite in the ferrite matrix, they showed also the presence of the eutectic precipitates as well as the dislocations.     

Influence of edge velocity on flame front position and displacement speed in turbulent premixed combustion

Using a novel concept, the present study experimentally investigates underlying physics pertaining to statistics of the flame front position and the flame front velocity in turbulent premixed V-shaped flames. The concept is associated with characteristics of the reactants velocity at the vicinity of the flame front, referred to as the edge velocity. The experiments are performed using simultaneous Mie scattering and Particle Image Velocimetry techniques. Three mean streamwise exit velocities of: 4.0, 6.2, and 8.6 m/s along with three fuel–air equivalence ratios of: 0.7, 0.8, and 0.9 are examined. The results show that fluctuations of the flame front position and the flame front velocity are induced by the fluctuations of the component of the edge velocity transverse to the mean flow direction. Analysis of the results show that the mean of the flame front velocity in the normal direction to the flame front is significantly dependent on the vertical distance from the flame-holder. Relatively close to the flame-holder, the mean of the flame front velocity in the direction normal to the flame front is about zero; however, it increases to values several times larger than the laminar flame speed by increasing the vertical distance from the flame-holder.