大型沉井在软基上的制作技术

本文以福建大唐宁德电厂一期海水循环冷却系统工程为例，分析大型沉井在软弱土层中制作的难点及关键技术问题。     

Ultrasonic technique as tool for determining physical and mechanical properties of frozen soils

Ultrasonic velocities of compressional and shear waves in frozen sand, silty-sand and silt were measured at subfreezing temperature and the relationship between acoustic and physical-mechanical properties examined. Ultrasonic measurements revealed that the influence of temperature on ultrasonic velocities is due to the phase transition from water to ice. Different methods were proposed to determine the amount of unfrozen water in frozen soils. The unfrozen water content was measured directly by time domain reflectometry and compared to predicted values using different theoretical approaches. The prediction models showed good agreements with measured values at low temperatures. However, the shape of the curves obtained did not completely satisfying as the estimated unfrozen water fraction near 0 °C was significantly greater than the measured values. Finally, based on the elastic wave theory and measured acoustic velocities the elastic constants of the frozen soils were calculated. The changes in elastic constants were found to be related to the increase in ice content, ice stiffness by ice cementation and a decrease in unfrozen water content.     

Simplified method for determining cadmium concentrations in rice foliage and soil by using a biosensor kit with immunochromatography

BACKGROUND: The behavior of cadmium in ecosystems needs to be monitored because of the human toxicity of this heavy metal. The need recently arose for a simple and quick on‐site test for trace levels of Cd in food and environmental samples. In response, an immunochromatographic assay kit for detecting Cd was manufactured by Kansai Electric Power Co. of Japan. This kit uses the antigen–antibody complex reaction between the Cd–EDTA complex and an anti‐Cd–EDTA antibody and shows the results in terms of the degree of color developed on a test paper. We previously reported the successful use of this kit to determine Cd concentrations in brown rice. Here, we applied the kit to the determination of Cd concentrations in rice foliage and soil. RESULTS: Cadmium in rice foliage was not extracted successfully by the method used for brown rice. However, it was successfully extracted by 0.1 mol L^?1 HCl solution at a rice foliage:HCl ratio of 1:20, and coexisting metals were removed sufficiently by the column treatment. The Cd concentrations determined by immunochromatographic assay were well correlated with the values obtained by acid decomposition and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The 0.1 mol L^?1 HCl‐extractable Cd concentration in soil was also determined successfully with the kit. CONCLUSION: Approximate Cd concentrations in rice plants and 0.1 mol L^?1 HCl‐extractable Cd concentrations in soil can be monitored easily and quickly by this method at locations where facilities for acid digestion and precision analysis are not available. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry     

Rational approach for the analysis of segmental reinforced soil walls based on kinematic constraints

The paper presents an analytical method for the solution of reinforced soil walls in which the wall facing has a structural role. The three-component (soil–reinforcement–wall) system is statically indeterminate, and hence cannot be solved by equilibrium equations alone. The paper follows up on the work of Baker and Klein [2004. An integrated limiting equilibrium approach for design of reinforced soil retaining structures part I – formulation. Geotextiles and Geomembranes 22, 119–150] where an interaction model, incorporating factors that divide forces between the reinforcement layers and the wall, was introduced to solve the statically indeterminate system. In the current work, the division factors are resolved such that the kinematic constraints of compatibility between the reinforcement layers and the wall are satisfied. This is achieved by solving an optimization problem in which the objective function includes the relative displacement between the reinforcement layers and the wall. The resultant system is fully coupled whereby upper reinforcement layers are affected by the behavior of lower layers. As such, the method overcomes the limitation of the original framework in which the top-down procedure omits such coupling. A non-dimensional parametric study was conducted on walls with 10 face blocks (9 reinforcement layers). Results are given in a normalized manner for cases in which the reinforcement pullout stiffness is uniform and linearly increasing with depth. Analysis results show that in cases where the wall is relatively stiff compared to the reinforcement, the upper reinforcement layers are clearly affected by the lower layers (this is a direct outcome of the fully coupled system). On the other hand, when the relative stiffness of the wall is low, the system behavior tends towards that of a hinged system, which is statically determinate. In this case the solution becomes independent of the reinforcement pullout stiffness. Analysis results indicate that current design codes, which do not explicitly consider the structural role of the facing in the calculation procedure, may be overconservative in certain cases. This result supports the argument for introducing the structural role of the facing into design procedures.     

Spatial distribution of chromium in soils contaminated by chromium-containing slag

To evaluate the metal chromium (Cr) contamination of soil at a chromium-containing slag site by ferrochromium production, the contaminated sites, under slag heap, in the vicinity of slag heap and arable soils near the outlet of sewer channel, and unpolluted site 5 km away from one ferroalloy plant in Hunan Province, China, were selected. The concentrations of total Cr and water soluble Cr in bulk soil samples and profile depth samples were determined. The results show that the soils in the vicinity of slag heap have the highest total Cr content followed by the soils under the slag heap and near the outlet of sewer channel of the factory. The mean concentrations of total Cr in the top soils at above three contaminated locations exceed the critical level of Secondary Environmental Quality Standard for Soil in China by 3.5, 5.4 and 1.8 times. In most Cr polluted soils, total Cr has a relative accumulation in soil depth of 40-60 cm, but this trend is not found in unpolluted soils. The average concentrations of water soluble Cr (Ⅵ) in top soils under slag heap and in the vicinity of slag heap are 176.9 times and 52.7 times higher than that in the uncontaminated soils, respectively. However, water soluble Cr (Ⅵ) contents in soils near sewer channel are all low and the values are close to that in the uncontaminated soils. Although water soluble Cr (Ⅵ) content in soil profiles decreases with soil depths, it in soils under slag heap maintains a high level even at a depth of 100-150 cm. The results imply that the transportation of Cr (Ⅵ) can result in a potential risk of groundwater system in this area.     

土壤颗粒分析的计算机数据处理

本文将最小二乘法和抛物线插值法应用于土壤颗粒分析，给出了试验数据的计算机处理方法和步骤。算例表明，本文提供的方法具有准确和高效等优点。     

土壤储水过程及自由孔隙率的初步研究

本文通过室内实验和数值计算对入渗条件下土壤的储水过程进行了模拟,给出自由孔隙率的定义,并对土壤的自由孔隙率在不同因素影响下的变化规律作了初步探讨。     

厚沙土层下采场顶板关键层上的载荷分布

基于现场实测发现的采动厚沙土层载荷传递现象,应用开发的动态载荷相似模拟系统,得出了厚沙土层采动破坏特征、工作面顶板关键层全结构的载荷总体分布规律以及顶板结构中A,B和C关键块的动态载荷传递规律;发现了周期来压期间二次“卸荷拱”现象,揭示了关键块载荷小于栽荷层全厚载荷的机理;提出了载荷传递因子的概念,给出了卸荷拱高度的计算公式和载荷传递因子的计算公式,解决了关键块上的载荷计算问题．     

黔中地区水稻土的含硒量及其对糙米硒含量的影响

通过贵州开阳县水稻土硒含量特征和该区水稻硒含量之间关系的调查研究表明:开阳县水稻土水溶性硒含量高于一般水稻土水溶性硒的临界值(0.01μgg-1),这与该区的成土母质、地形等因素有关。富硒水稻土使水稻对硒的吸收增加,该县出产的稻米硒含量普遍比贵州省其它地区高,平均含硒量高于粮食硒的正常含量范围(0.04~0.07μgg-1)。水稻地上各部分含硒量存在差异,糠、秸秆中的含硒量高于糙米,糙米含硒量与土壤硒含量的相关性达极显著水平(r=0.7861*,P<0.05)。     

潮土区土壤有机质含量的趋势演变研究--以禹城市为例

通过分析山东省禹城市100个采样点1980年和2003年耕层土壤的有机质含量,研究了土壤有机质的时空变异特征,探讨了潮土区有机质含量的变化,形成了研究区1980年和2003年有机质含量空间分布图及1980~2003年有机质含量的空间变化图。分析了研究区有机质含量增加的原因。研究结果表明,该市目前土壤有机质含量平均为14.68g kg-1,比1980年的6.0g kg-1增加了8.68 g kg-1,年均提高0.38g kg-1。土壤表层含盐量的降低为土壤养分含量提高提供了条件。