GC-1000在线色谱仪的技术改造

介绍利用现有日本横河公司生产的GC－1000型在线气相色谱仪在低密度聚乙烯装置的优化生产方案中，使用冷凝聚乙烯技术增加测量异戊烷过程中遇到的问题及解决办法。     

CHARACTERIZATION OF GAS-LIQUID FLOWS IN RECTANGULAR BUBBLE COLUMNS USING CONDUCTIVITY PROBES

Unsteady gas-liquid flows in bubble columns are comprised of various flow processes occurring with varying length and time scales and govern mixing and transport processes. In the present work, we have characterized dynamic and time-averaged properties of gas-liquid flows in rectangular bubble columns using conductivity probes. The development of a single-tip conductivity probe, data processing methodology, and photographic validation procedure is discussed in detail. The effect of superficial gas velocity and aerated liquid height-to-width (H/W) ratio on voidage fluctuations and time-averaged gas holdup was investigated. The experimental data presented here can help in understanding the dynamics of various flow processes and validating computational fluid dynamics based models.     

鼓泡床内气泡-液体两相湍流代数应力模型的数值模拟

现有的气泡 -液体两相流动的数值模拟中 ,或者不考虑湍流 ,或者仅仅考虑液体湍流 ,但是直接模拟和PIV测量结果都表明气泡由于尾迹的作用有强烈的湍流脉动 .本文首次推导和封闭了同时模拟气泡湍流脉动和液体湍流脉动的二阶矩输运方程两相湍流模型 ,并在此基础上建立了代数应力气泡 -液体两相湍流模型 .用代数应力模型模拟了二维矩形断面鼓泡床内气泡 -液体两相流动 .预报结果给出了气泡和液体两相速度场、两相Reynolds应力及湍动能分布和气泡体积分数分布 .模拟结果与PIV测量结果符合很好 ,表明了模型的合理性 .研究结果表明 ,原先静止的液体在气泡因浮力而产生的上升运动的作用下产生回流流动 ,而气泡则只有上升运动 .气泡速度始终大于液体速度 .在床内气泡湍流脉动确实始终很强烈 .液体则由于气泡的作用以及自身速度梯度产生的双重作用而发生湍流脉动 .气泡的脉动显著地大于液体的脉动 .两相湍流脉动都是各向异性的 ,而且气泡湍流脉动的各向异性比液体的更强烈     

Interfacial area and volumetric mass transfer coefficient in a bubble reactor at elevated pressures

The present study deals with the pressure effects on mass transfer parameters within a bubble reactor operating at pressures up to . The gas-liquid systems are N₂/CO₂-aqueous solution of Na₂CO₃-NaHCO₃ and N₂/CO₂-aqueous solution of NaOH. A sintered powder plate is used as a gas distributor. Three parameters characterizing the mass transfer are identified and investigated with respect to pressure: the gas-liquid interfacial area a, the volumetric liquid side mass transfer coefficient k_La and the volumetric gas side mass transfer coefficient k_Ga. The gas-liquid absorption with chemical reaction is used and the mass transfer parameters are determined by using the model reaction between CO₂ and the aqueous solutions of Na₂CO₃-NaHCO₃ and NaOH. For a given gas mass flow rate, the interfacial area as well as the volumetric liquid mass transfer coefficient decrease with increasing operating pressure. However, for a given pressure, a and k_La increase with increasing gas mass flow rates. The mass transfer coefficient k_L is independent of pressure. Furthermore, the pressure increase results in a decrease of k_G and k_Ga for a given gas mass flow rate. The values of the interfacial area, which are obtained from both chemical systems are found to be different. These discrepancies are attributed to the choice of the liquid system in the absorption reaction model.     

Simultaneous measurement of flow pattern and mass transfer coefficient in bubble columns

Mass transfer studies were carried out in a bubble column using the chemical method. Catalytic oxidation of sodium sulfite was chosen for the studies and the corresponding specific rates of oxidation were obtained using a stirred cell. Laser Doppler anemometer (LDA) was used to measure the instantaneous velocities in the same stirred cell as well as in bubble columns (100 and i.d.). An efficient algorithm based on the multiresolution analysis of the velocity-time data using wavelets was used for the isolation of data belonging to the gas and liquid phases. Eddy isolation model was used for the characterization of the eddy motion including the estimation of the energy dissipation rate. Using the knowledge of eddy motion, a methodology was developed for the prediction of true mass transfer coefficient (k_L) in a stirred cell as well as in bubble columns. The predicted values of k_L have been compared with the experimental values obtained by the chemical method.     

Encapsulation of titanium dioxide in styrene/n‐butyl acrylate copolymer by miniemulsion polymerization

Miniemulsion copolymerization of styrene/n‐butyl acrylate was investigated as a means of encapsulating hydrophilic titanium dioxide (TiO₂) in a film‐forming polymer. Dispersion studies of the TiO₂ were first carried out to determine the choice of stabilizer, its concentration, and the dispersion process conditions for obtaining stable TiO₂ particles with minimum particle size. Through screening studies of various functional stabilizers and shelf‐life stability studies at both room and polymerization temperatures, Solsperse 32,000 was selected to give relatively small and stable TiO₂ particles at 1 wt % stabilizer and with 20–25 min sonification. The subsequent encapsulation of the dispersed TiO₂ particles in styrene/n‐butyl acrylate copolymer (St/BA) via miniemulsion polymerization was carried out and compared with a control study using styrene monomer alone. The lattices resulting from the miniemulsion encapsulation polymerizations were characterized in terms of the encapsulation efficiencies (via density gradient column separations; DGC) and particle size (via dynamic light scattering). Encapsulation efficiencies revealed that complete encapsulation of all of the TiO₂ by all of the polymer was not achieved. The maximum encapsulation efficiencies were 79.1% TiO₂ inside 61.7% polystyrene and 63.6% TiO₂ inside 38.5% St/BA copolymer. As the density of the particles collected from the DGC increased from one layer to another, both the average particle size and the number of the TiO₂ particles contained in each latex particle increased. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 3479–3486, 2006     

应用瞬变电磁技术对屯留煤矿南一采区赋水性分析

通过对钻孔以及强干扰区进行参数试验,确定了发射边框、发射频率、发射电流、采样延迟、高压线影响等施工布置参数;结合野外实测数据和钻孔测井资料,进行数据处理和反演,得出采区内的煤系地层与上下围岩有着明显的电性差异;采区北部富水性相对较强,中部和南部富水性相对较弱,F66断层和X26、X35、X79陷落柱是各煤层和奥灰岩的垂向导水通道。     

约束混凝土柱的升降温全过程轴力分析

利用SAFIR程序,开展了约束混凝土柱的升降温全过程轴力分析。考察了轴向/转动约束刚度比、截面边长、荷载比、荷载偏心率、配筋率、升温时间等参数对ISO834标准升降温过程作用下约束混凝土柱的轴力的影响规律,并与单调升温时的相应规律进行了比较。通过对2880种工况的计算分析,建议给出了该类构件轴力变化系数的实用计算方法。研究结果表明：对于轴向/转动约束混凝土柱,无论单调升温还是先升温后降温,轴力变化系数总体都呈现出先逐渐增大而后有所减小或基本保持稳定,最后以较大速率持续降低的趋势,主要区别在于后期单调升温对应的降低速率一般比先升温后降温时更大;对于先升温后降温的轴向/转动约束混凝土柱,转动约束刚度比、柱长和混凝土保护层厚度对轴力变化系数影响较小,而轴向约束刚度比、荷载偏心率和配筋率越大或荷载比和截面边长越小,轴力变化系数的峰值就越大。     

我国区域固定资产投资效率的DEA分析

利用DEA分析的C2R模型和C2GS2模型对全国31个省市区固定资产投资的技术有效性和规模有效性进行了实证测度,根据测度结果把全国31个省市区划分为不同类型,指出了各种类型固定资产投资的特点,提出了提高其投资效率的对策措施。