The effect of pre-warming on performance during simulated firefighting exercise

This study examined the effect of active pre-warming on speed and quality of performance during simulated firefighting exercise. Twelve male firefighters performed two trials in counterbalanced order. They were either pre-warmed by 20-min cycling at 1.5 Watt kg⁻¹ body mass (WARM) or remained thermoneutral (CON) prior to a simulated firefighting activity. After the pre-warming, gastrointestinal temperature (P < 0.001), skin temperature (P = 0.002), and heart rate (P < 0.001) were higher in WARM than in CON. During the firefighting activity, rating of perceived exertion, thermal sensation and discomfort were higher for WARM than for CON. Finish time of the firefighting activity was similar, but the last task of the activity was completed slower in WARM than in CON (P = 0.04). In WARM, self-reported performance quality was lower than in CON (P = 0.04). It is concluded that pre-warming reduces the speed during the last part of simulated firefighting activity and reduces self-reported quality of performance.     

Tensile Stress Relaxation of Alumina at High Temperature

The development of a tensile testing methodology for ceramics which enables a stress vs strain-rate response to be measured at high temperature is described. The test involves a carefully controled stress relaxation test at constant total strain using an experimental procedure and phenomenological analysis previously developed for metallic materials. It is demonstrated here with preliminary tests on alumina at 1050° and 1150°C. This offers, with further development, the possibility of establishing design stresses associated with low strain-rate behavior for structural applications. The results demonstrate that data covering four decades of strain rate may be generated in tests lasting a few hours. The inelastic strain consists of substantial anelastic recoverable strain in addition to a permanent creep strain.     

基于敲击声振法的风机叶片脱层检测系统设计

脱层是风机叶片的主要损伤形式,根据风电叶片的材料特性及外形特点,分析和研究了敲击声振检测原理和现场检测的可行性。叶片出现脱层时,缺陷处刚度下降,敲击应力持续时间增大。依据此检测原理,计算出合理的等效锤头质量,利用压电薄膜作为动态冲击力传感器进行了力锤的结构设计;利用FPGA设计了便携式检测仪,对敲击信号进行信息提取和处理,计算敲击力脉冲信号的宽度,具有结果图形显示和串行通信的功能。经过实验,验证了脉冲宽度与损伤深度的关系。     

应力型微悬臂梁生化传感器响应机理研究进展

针对静态微悬臂梁表面特异性结合产生表面应力信号的响应机制问题,介绍了微悬臂梁生化传感器的工作原理,阐述了应力响应机制的简化模型,从纵向界面上和横向分子间2个方面对特异性吸附引起的悬臂梁表面应力的变化进行了剖析,讨论了界面能变化、位阻作用、静电力、氢键作用等与表面应力大小及方向之间的关系,总结了应力型微悬臂梁生化传感器的响应机理的研究。     

冷却器盘管失效分析及防范措施

本文介绍了冷却器盘管破裂泄漏的情况，分析了失效破坏的原因，并提出防止冷却器盘管破裂泄漏的措施。     

MgO／Ni系梯度功能材料的设计与制备

对ＭｇＯ／Ｎｉ系梯度功能材料（ＦＧＭ），分别用实验和微观力学模型测定和计算了用于热应力缓和设计的各物性参数。讨论了两种结果之间存在差异的原因。用有限元方法模拟了制备过程中ＦＧＭ的热应力，得到ＭｇＯ／Ｎｉ系ＦＧＭ的综合设计准则。按设计结果进一步调整粉末工艺性质，成功地烧制出ＭｇＯ／Ｎｉ系ＦＧＭ。     

Slow stable crack growth in high density polyethylenes

The phenomenon of slow stable crack growth in polyethylene is investigated using notched specimens subject to constant load and the concepts of fracture mechanics. The effect of specimen geometry and dimension, the loading and the mode of loading on the applied stress intensity factor versus crack speed ($\text{K}{}_{\mathrm{c}}\text{-}\text{a}\text{?}$) curves has been studied to demonstrate that K_c is the controlling stress parameter for crack growth under suitable conditions. $\text{K}{}_{\mathrm{c}}\text{-}\text{a}\text{?}$ curves are obtained for a high density polyethylene homopolymer in distilled water and in a diluted detergent solution at four different temperatures. Results are also obtained for a much tougher medium density polyethylene copolymer whenever possible. Several mechanisms can be identified from the form of the $\text{K}{}_{\mathrm{c}}\text{-}\text{a}\text{?}$ curves. Two, in particular, have been observed but not explained before: (i) crack growth with a time dependence of 0.25, and (ii) the high $\text{K}{}_{\mathrm{c}}\text{-}\text{a}\text{?}$ slopes for crack growth in a tough copolymer. With the help of scanning electron microscopic studies of the fracture surfaces, (i) is postulated to be due to diffusion controlled void growth process and (ii) is considered to be the result of crack tip blunting effects. From the temperature dependence of crack growth, the activation energy of the diffusion controlled crack growth process is found to coincide with that of the x-relaxation process in polyethylene implying that diffusion controlled crack growth may be related to the motion of main chains in the polymer.     

严寒地区大型倒虹吸工程管道应力及水力安全控制

新疆北疆供水工程跨越吉拉沟大洼槽的三个泉倒虹吸,跨度11 km,内径2.8 m,工作水头160m,是国内外同类工程中综合难度较高的大型倒虹吸工程,在结构强度、材料工艺、安装敷设、工程质量方面都有极高的要求,特别是高水头管道运行、充水、放空、水锤防护等各种工况下的水力安全控制问题,高温差与严寒条件下管道的应力应变问题尤为突出。对该工程设计、科研、施工及运行管理方面的经验进行介绍,对其在新技术、新材料、新工艺等方面取得的理论研究和技术创新成果进行总结,研究认为:工程总体布置合理,工程运行后监测资料及工程安全评价表明各项性状指标良好,通过模型试验研究确定的闸门开度、关闭速率、充水排气、放空排水等水力安全控制关键技术科学合理,为严寒地区大型倒虹吸工程的技术发展提供借鉴。     

斜拉桥预应力混凝土索塔锚固结构受力性能分析

为了研究U形与直线预应力束混合布置索塔锚固结构的受力特性,以国内某姊妹塔斜拉桥的菱形桥塔为例,采用通用有限元程序建立索塔锚固结构的节段有限元模型,分析索塔锚固结构在预应力荷载与斜拉索水平力共同作用下的受力情况。结果表明:在索塔锚固结构中采用U形与直线预应力束混合布置能较好的满足设计要求,使锚固区整体处于较为合理的压力状态之下,除局部的应力集中外,基本消除了斜拉索作用下顺桥向塔柱的拉应力;在齿块与塔柱内壁的结合处存在应力集中现象,应当引起足够的重视,施工时应严格控制施工质量。     

泄水建筑物下游冲刷坑二维数值模拟

对巨亭水电站泄水建筑物下游局部冲刷过程进行了二维数值模拟。采用RNG k-ε湍流模型封闭N-S方程、有限体积法在计算网格上离散求解、VOF方法追踪自由水面;采用C语言编写用户自定义函数,以泥沙起动切应力作为床面泥沙起动判别标准,通过分析比较水流剪切力与泥沙起动切应力大小,用以控制冲刷坑底部边界变化;采用局部重构模型和弹簧光顺模型更新计算区域和网格质量,藉以模拟和追踪局部冲刷坑边界变化。研究表明,模拟结果与实测资料符合良好。在冲刷坑的冲刷过程中,床面剪切应力随着冲刷的进程急剧减小,湍动能随着冲刷的进程减小缓慢;床面剪切应力和湍动能沿程变化均较为剧烈,床面剪切应力沿程先增大后减小,床面湍动能则沿程减小。冲刷坑的纵向平衡形态或床面泥沙起动主要决定于床面剪切应力,床面湍动能对泥沙起动也具有重要影响。