耐高温低伤害清洁水性稠化剂的制备及性能

针对高温储层压裂需求,以丙烯酰胺（AM）、丙烯酸（AA）、十八烷基二甲基烯丙基氯化铵（ODAAC）和十八烷基甲基丙烯酸酯（SMA）为原料制备了一种疏水缔合聚合物（AAOS）,再使用低分子醇（乙二醇、丙三醇、正丙醇）、表面活性剂（椰子油脂肪酸二乙醇酰胺和十二烷基硫酸钠）和AAOS配制开发一种“自交联”耐高温清洁水性稠化剂（FPM-1）。SEM结果表明,质量分数为0.30 %的FPM-1水溶液能显著增强AAOS聚合物分子间的疏水缔合交联作用,增大聚合物的流体力学体积。通过对FPM-1的溶解性、表观黏度、耐盐性、流变学测试表明,FPM-1溶液为高黏弹性流体,悬砂性能好;质量分数为0.27 %的AAOS在水中的溶解时间为7 min,最终黏度为90 mPa·s,质量分数为0.60 %的FPM-1（具有等效聚合物含量）在水中的溶解时间仅需3 min,且最终黏度为165 mPa·s,表明FPM-1体系能显著提高聚合物的黏度和溶解速度。在90℃,170 s-1条件下剪切1 h后,质量分数为0.27 %的AAOS水溶液的黏度为51 mPa·s,质量分数为0.60 %的FPM-1水溶液黏度为77 mPa·s;质量分数为1.40 %的FPM-1水溶液在180℃,170 s-1条件下剪切1 h,最终黏度为53 mPa·s;质量分数为0.60 %的FPM-1在5×104 mg/L矿化度盐水中黏度保持率为60 %,因此,FPM-1水溶液具有优异的耐盐、耐高温、耐剪切性能。通过对破胶液的表/界面张力测试表明,FPM-1体系破胶液具有低的表/界面张力,有利于破胶液的返排和回收再利用。     

无固相完井液用甲酸盐溶液性能综述

甲酸盐完井液因其对环境危害小,近年来引起了国际上的广泛关注。本文综述了甲酸盐的性质,及其在井下环境中的变化。     

The Finite Element Simulation of Polymer Coextrusion Based on the Slip Boundary

The three-dimensional flow of Non-Newtonian polymer melts in coextrusion dies was analyzed based on finite element simulations. The analysis considered the slip both die wall-polymer and polymer-polymer interface. The slip boundary condition is founded based on the Generalized Navier slippage model. The effects of die wall roughness on the interface were examined farther. It is found that decreasing the roughness of the fluid path can make the velocity field more uniform and the interfacial offset less. If consider the interface alip of two melts, the homologous of interface-slip coefficient and die-wall slip coefficient may ensure the stabilization of the interface.     

Preparation of water-soluble nanographite and its application in water-based cutting fluid

Water-soluble nanographite was prepared by in situ emulsion polymerization using methacrylate as polymeric monomer. The dispersion stability and dispersion state of graphite particles were evaluated by UV-visible spectrophotometry and scanning electron microscopy, respectively. The water-soluble nanographite was then added into the water-based cutting fluid as lubricant additive. The lubrication performance of water-based cutting fluid with the nanographite additive was studied on four-ball friction tester and surface tensiometer. Results indicate that the modification method of in situ emulsion polymerization realizes the uniform and stabilized dispersion of nanographite in aqueous environment. The optimal polymerization condition is 70°C (polymerization temperature) and 5 h (polymerization time). The addition of nanographite decreases the friction coefficient and wear scar diameter by 44% and 49%. Meanwhile, the maximum non-seizure load (P_B) increases from 784 to 883 N, and the value of surface tension (32.76 × 10⁻³ N/m) is at low level. Nanographite additive improves apparently the lubrication performance of water-based cutting fluid.     

Computational modelling of industrial pulp stock chests

Agitated pulp stock chests are the most widely used mixers in pulp and paper manufacture. Stock chests are used for a number of purposes, including attenuation of high‐frequency disturbances in pulp properties (such as mixture composition, fibre mass concentration, and suspension freeness) and are designed using semi‐empirical rules based largely on previous experience. Tests made on both laboratory and industrial‐scale pulp chests indicate that they are subject to non‐ideal flows, including channelling and creation of dead zones. In the present work, a commercial computational fluid dynamic (CFD) software (Fluent) is used to model two industrial pulp stock chests. The first chest is rectangular, agitated using a single side‐entering impeller, and feeds a mixture of chemical pulps at 3.5% mass concentration (C_m) to a papermachine. The second chest has rectangular geometry, with a mid‐feather wall used to direct suspension flow through a U‐shaped trajectory past four side‐entering impellers. This chest is used to remove latency from a C_m = 3.5% thermomechanical pulp suspension ahead of stock screening. For CFD computations, pulp rheology was described using a modified Hershel–Buckley model. Steady‐state simulations were made corresponding to process conditions during mill tests. The calculated steady‐state flows were then used to determine the dynamic response of the virtual chests and then compared with experimental measurements and found to agree reasonably well. The computed flow fields provided insight into mixing processes occurring within the chests, showing cavern formation around the impellers (which reduced the agitated volume available for mixing). Mass‐less particle tracking, using the steady‐state flow field, gave insight into the stagnant regions and bypassing zones created in the vessels. This paper discusses difficulties encountered in characterising the mixing (both experimentally and computationally) and the limitations of the industrial data.     

助燃空气对乙烯裂解炉NOx排放的影响

乙烯裂解炉内复杂物理化学过程耦合模拟与优化能够满足乙烯装置对高效率、低污染和低成本的设计和操作要求,对提高乙烯工业的竞争力具有重要意义。针对简单燃烧机理难以准确预测炉膛燃烧生成NO_x浓度分布的弊端,提出了在裂解炉使用更准确的简化GRI-Mesh 3.0机理结合涡耗散概念(EDC)模型的方法,并对Sandia Flame D的燃烧过程进行计算流体力学(CFD)模拟,验证了此耦合模型的可靠性。在已建立的燃烧模型的基础上,研究了助燃空气对降低裂解炉NO排放的影响,结果表明：在满足裂解炉热效率的情况下,空气预热温度为300~600 K、过量空气系数为1.1时降低NO的效果最佳。     

木质素在超临界甲醇和乙醇溶剂中液化过程分析

通过研究木质素分别在超临界甲醇和乙醇溶剂中的液化过程，分析反应温度（260～340℃）及反应时间（0～120min）对木质素在两种溶剂中的转化率、生物油收率及其组分差异的影响。实验表明，木质素在超临界乙醇中的转化率及产物收率均高于甲醇。当反应温度340℃，反应时间60min，木质素在超临界乙醇中的转化率和生物油收率比在甲醇中分别提高了16.23%和11.54%，残渣收率降低了16.23%。通过GC-MS和FTIR对生物油和残渣分析，发现生物油组分中芳香族化合物相对含量较高，在甲醇和乙醇溶剂中分别达到66.13%和58.84%；随着反应时间的延长，甲醇溶剂中残渣的醚键官能团逐渐增强，而在乙醇溶剂中则先增强后减弱。分析认为在木质素降解过程中，超临界乙醇和甲醇均可产生氢自由基作为供氢体，攻击木质素及其大分子片段中的官能团，同时使液化产物中的活性片段减活，减弱重聚合反应，从而更利于芳烃产物的生成。而甲醇在液化过程中容易与木质素断键产生的苯酚中间体发生脱氢缩合反应，通过醚键聚合产生长链芳香族化合物，形成残渣，降低生物油收率。     

环烷基NiFe2O4磁流体的制备及有磁场沉降稳定性

目前,磁流体的制备方法多为化学共沉淀法,关于磁流体微乳化制备工艺及有磁场沉降稳定性的研究较少。采用单因素和均匀实验设计方法,判定分散剂及其质量分数对环烷基NiFe₂O₄磁流体沉降稳定性的影响。本文采用微乳化法制备环烷基NiFe₂O₄磁流体,通过样品沉降系数和黏度特性,研究分散剂种类与其质量分数、NiFe₂O₄纳米磁性颗粒质量分数、乳化剂种类及温度对磁流体有磁场沉降稳定性的影响,得到制备环烷基NiFe₂O₄磁流体的较佳参数值。研究结果表明：当十二烷基苯磺酸钠（SDBS）、十二烷基硫酸钠（SDS）与油酸（OA）的质量分数在1%～6%范围内,环烷基NiFe₂O₄磁流体的沉降稳定性较好,并且SDBS与OA的含量对其稳定性的影响大于SDS;当分散剂定量时,随着NiFe₂O₄纳米磁性颗粒质量分数的增加,磁流体先表现出较好的稳定性,后逐渐出现团聚;在一定温度时,乳化剂Surf CA20有利于磁流体内部形成液晶相,减小液珠间吸引势能并且降低磁性颗粒的聚结速度,提高磁流体的有磁场沉降稳定性。     

旋转填充床反应器流体流动可视化研究进展

旋转填充床反应器是一种典型过程强化装置,对化工过程中的传质与混合过程具有较好的强化作用。流体流动作为旋转填充床反应器中最为基础的性质,对研究、优化旋转填充床反应器的结构和性能至关重要。光学成像技术与数值模拟作为研究旋转填充床反应器中流体力学性质的重要手段在近年来得到了飞速发展。对近三十年来,旋转填充床反应器可视化研究进行了综述,从早期光学成像开始,在此基础上引入早期计算流体力学模拟,直至现在高速数码摄像可视化和基于真实结构的模拟。对旋转填充床的可视化观测从填料表面逐渐向填料内部发展,对其数值模拟从初步的数学模型发展到包含详细填料几何结构、详细流体特性的流动模拟。现有研究已对填料区、空腔区中的流体流动有了较为详细的描述。     

内置涡流发生器的管内过冷沸腾与强化换热的模拟

采用欧拉双流体模型结合RPI沸腾模型对高压管内过冷沸腾进行三维非稳态模拟,考察了涡流发生器对管内过冷沸腾的影响,模拟了高压下光管内的过冷沸腾、层流下内置涡流发生器的换热管内的流动和湍流下内置涡流发生器的换热管内的过冷沸腾。结果表明,内置涡流发生器的换热管在层流状态下换热能力明显提升,过冷沸腾时管内换热能力有一定提升,且壁面附近的气泡由于扰流作用被大量卷入锥形片内,降低了壁面附近产生气膜的可能性,延迟了过冷沸腾起始点的位置。