Control policies for an industrial acetylene hydrogenation reactor

This paper addresses the problem of finding optimal operational policies for an acetylene reactor for day to day operation. A lumped parameter model based on four main reactions is developed and used to examine the effects of the reactor manipulated variables on key reaction parameters. An optimal and a sub-optimal operational policy which minimize the ethylene loss over time are formulated and the solution techniques are presented. The results indicate that the reactor model is in good agreement with industrial plant data. The performance of the optimal control policy is very similar to the performance of the sub-optimal control policy. However, the sub-optimal formulation, while retaining the dominant features of the optimal response, reduces the computational requirements. Finally, some issues concerning the real-time implementation of an advanced acetylene reactor control scheme are presented. These include the estimation of the optimum regeneration cycle, a recursive model update algorithm, the process optimizer and their overall coordination. A preliminary analysis of the benefits associated with the advanced control scheme suggests a considerable reduction in the yearly ethylene loss.     

Application of K2CO3 catalysts in the coal gasification process using nuclear heat

Conventional gasification processes use coal not only as feedstock to be gasified but also for supply of energy for reaction heat, steam production, and other purposes. With a nuclear high temperature reactor (HTR) as a source for process heat, it is possible to transform the whole of the coal feed into gas. This concept offers advantages over existing gasification processes: saving of coal, as more gas can be produced from coal; less emission of pollutants, as the HTR is used for the production of steam and electricity instead of a coal-fired boiler; and a lower production cost for the gas. However, the process has the disadvantage that the temperature is limited to the outlet temperature (950 °C max) of the helium cooling gas of the HTR. Therefore the possibility of catalytic steam gasification was examined. Model calculations based on experimental results show that use of 3–4 wt% relative to coal of K²CO³ catalyst increases the throughput of a large scale nuclear gasification plant by ≈65%, while gas production costs decrease by ≈15%. Corrosion by catalysts is not significant at low concentration (< 5 wt%) and low temperature (< 900 °C).     

GRAPHICAL SOLUTION OF MULTISTAGE FLUIDIZED BED HEAT EXCHANGER

The design of multistage fluidized beds for heat exchange necessitates the solution of the mass and energy balance equations combined with the equilibrium relations for each stage. This paper presents a novel way of applying well known methodology to a different technology, one where it has not been widely applied.

In the present work a McCabe-Thiele type of graphical approach is presented for both counter-current and cross-current contacting multiple fluidized beds. The necessary equations for a multistage calciner are developed and the application of the proposed method is demonstrated. Generalized fluidized bed efficiency for counter-current and cross-current multiple fluidized bed is presented.     

基于KPCA和SVM的火箭发动机试验台故障诊断方法

为了解决液体火箭发动机试验台的故障诊断问题,提出了一种基于核主元分析(KPCA)特征提取和支持向量多分类机(SVM)的故障诊断方法,该方法首先利用核主元分析对试验台标准故障样本进行特征提取,通过特征分析,建立适合于试验台故障状态识别的层次多分类支持向量机,并对其进行训练,然后将试验数据在主元上投影,输入到训练好的支持向量多分类器,对试验台故障状态进行识别.该方法充分利用了核主元分析强大的非线性特征提取能力和支持向量分类机良好的小样本泛化特性,解决了试验台故障诊断中的小样本、非线性模式识别问题.对试验台的试验结果表明,该方法是有效的、可行的.     

生物浸矿反应器的制作及矿浆质量分数分布特征

以自制的生物浸矿反应器为对象,以反应器内矿浆质量分数分布为评价指标,就搅拌器搅拌方式、外循环流量及曝气大小对矿浆质量分数的分布进行了研究.结果表明:当搅拌速度为1800～2000 r/min,搅拌桨离曝气器顶部2～3 cm,外部循环流量为13 L/min,曝气量为1.2 m3/h时,反应器内矿浆质量分数分布均匀.并对总矿浆质量分数为6 %、10 %、15%和20%的反应器内矿浆质量分数随反应器高度的变化进行了研究.     

干燥、粉碎一体化装置

本文对干燥、粉碎一体化装置的典型设备惰性粒子流化床干燥器进行剖析,介绍应用情况,并作了经济性评价。     

延长生焦时间对延迟焦化装置的影响

国内焦化装置的生焦时间几乎都采用24小时，设计的焦炭塔空高较大，在装置低负荷生产时，适当延长生焦时间，不仅可降低装置的运营成本、提高焦炭质量、降低劳动强度，而且还可降低维修费用。安庆焦化成功地在一套装置上实现了48小时生焦操作，年运行200天，增效约100万元。     

熔盐堆临界能谱与通量分布的仿真计算

研究熔盐反应堆在临界工况下的堆芯中子能量和中子通量分布.由于熔盐反应堆的几何结构与目前的热中子反应堆存在很大差异,导致热中子反应堆能谱的求解方法在对熔盐堆进行计算时存在几何处理上的困难.针对上述问题,提出采用具有任意几何处理能力的中子输运计算软件MCNP对熔盐堆堆芯结构进行建模,采用能量区间上的平均通量代替该区间内通量分布的方法,计算了两种熔盐堆在临界工况下的堆芯中子能谱.结果表明,MSBR堆芯能谱为典型的热堆能谱;MO-SART堆芯能谱介于快堆能谱和热堆能谱之间.结果能够作为堆芯扩散计算中能量分群方法的依据.同时分析了堆芯内中子通量分布情况,结果表明熔盐堆中子通量分布具有中间高、四周低的特点.     

气升式内环流反应器中油滴的分散特性

本文研究了气升式内环流反应器中油滴的分散特性。以对数正态分布密度函数为油滴尺寸的分散模型,导出了油滴的Sauter平均直径解析式。对模型作了实验验证,关联了模型参数。提出了油滴的尺寸分布密度函数和Sauter平均直径的半经验式。结果表明计算值与实验值吻合良好。     

和利时MACS V控制系统在450t/h循环流化床锅炉中的应用

以浙江嘉化能源化工股份有限公司兴港热电厂背压热电机组节能技改项目（6#锅炉、汽机）为背景,结合循环流化床锅炉的运行特点及控制要求,介绍和利时MACSV系列分散控制系统的应用及实现的功能.