自升式平台踩脚印失稳机理大变形有限元分析

自升式平台桩靴踩脚印失稳相关研究较少,且多为实验研究,土体的流动破坏模式和桩靴失稳机制尚不十分清楚。运用 CEL 有限元方法来模拟桩靴贯入均匀土体的过程,选择出最合适的网格密度,在此基础上模拟桩靴在旧桩坑附近的二次插桩过程,分析了旧桩坑的几何形状（包括深度、坡度和直径）、二次插桩偏心距对桩靴基础二次插桩稳定性的影响规律,考察桩靴的最大峰值水平力 Hmax 、最大峰值弯矩 Mmax ,并联合土体的流动破坏机制分析了桩靴踩脚印失稳机理。     

基于生态足迹的半干旱牧区生态承载力分析

可持续发展的定量测度是当前国际上生态经济研究的前沿问题,也是生态水利关注的热点之一。生态足迹分析法是近年来发展的用于定量研究和判断一个国家或地区可持续发展状况的新方法。本文以内蒙古典型半干旱牧区乌审旗2000—2003年统计资料为依据,基于生态足迹理论与生态足迹计算模型,对其生态足迹与生态承载力进行了计算与分析评价。结果表明,当地生态足迹呈现上升趋势,生态赤字不断增加,地区发展处于一种不可持续状态。本研究对牧区生态水利建设具有一定指导作用。     

水资源可持续利用及其与经济发展的脱钩分析——以长春市为例

基于生态足迹理论和脱钩理论,构建了水资源生态足迹和承载力计算模型以及经济发展与水资源消耗的脱钩指数模型,用于对长春市2007~2016年水资源的可持续利用及其与经济发展的脱钩情况进行分析。分析结果表明：① 长春市在10 a间共有5个年份的水资源利用处于不可持续状态,而在水资源利用体现为可持续的年份中,也仅仅是中可持续和弱可持续,无强可持续的年份;总体来看,长春市的水资源利用为不可持续。② 长春市的经济发展与水资源消耗总体上处于脱钩的状态,说明二者之间处于一种较协调的状态,但是二者又并未实现绝对脱钩。因此,还需在产业结构调整及科学用水等方面来实现水资源的合理利用。     

基于IPAT模型的河北省灰水足迹分析及预测

河北作为京津冀发展圈的重要组成部分,水质水量问题突出,因此迫切需要对其水量和水质进行研究。基于农业和工业生活两部分,选取N肥、P肥、COD为关键污染物,以水环境最大允许容量为依据,计算了河北省2004—2015年的灰水足迹,并以此为基础,对2030年单位产值造成的灰水足迹进行了预测。结果表明:(1)12年间河北省灰水足迹呈现先上升再下降的趋势,农业灰水足迹以N肥为最关键污染物,随着化肥总量和平均施肥水平的增加不断增长,年均增长率0.87%;(2)工业生活灰水足迹总体呈现增长趋势,阶段内呈现下降趋势。以2011年为界,河北省灰水足迹从由农业灰水足迹决定转变为由工业生活灰水足迹决定,且工业生活灰水足迹和第三产业产值的相关性较强;(3)通过IPAT模型分析发现,农业灰水足迹除2004,2013,2015年外,其他各年份可持续性均较差,2004—2010年工业生活灰水足迹的可持续性好于2011—2015年。未来若按照现有水平继续发展,到2030年河北省单位农业产值造成的灰水足迹将下降为0.05 m~3/元,单位工业生活产值造成的灰水足迹将下降为0.006 m~3/元。     

基于能源消费的中国不同产业空间的碳足迹分析

Using energy consumption and land use data of each region of China in 2007, this paper established carbon emission and carbon footprint model based on energy consumption,and estimated the carbon emission amount of fossil energy and rural biomass energy of dif-ferent regions of China in 2007. Through matching the energy consumption items with indus-industrial-commercial space, transportation industrial space, fishery and water conservancy space, and other industrial space. Then the author analyzed the carbon emission intensity and carbon footprint of each industrial space. Finally, advices of decreasing industrial carbon footprint and optimizing industrial space pattern were put forward. The main conclusions are as following: (1) Total amount of carbon emission from energy consumption of China in 2007 was about 1.65 GtC, in which the proportion of carbon emission from fossil energy was 89%.(2) Carbon emission intensity of industrial space of China in 2007 was 1.98 t/hm<,2>, in which,dustrial space was 55.16 t/hm<,2> and 49.65 t/hm<,2> respectively, they were high-carbon-emission industrial spaces among others. (3) Carbon footprint caused by industrial activities of China in 2007 was 522.34x10<'>6 hm<,2>, which brought about ecological deficit of 28.69x10<'6> hm<,2>, which means that the productive lands were not sufficient to compensate for carbon footprint of industrial activities, and the compensating rate was 94.5%. As to the regional carbon footprint,several regions have ecological profit while others have not. In general, the present ecologi-cal deficit caused by industrial activities was small in 2007. (4) Per unit area carbon footprint trial-commercial space was the highest (17.5 hm<'2>/hm<'2>). The per unit area carbon footprint of different industrial spaces all presented a declining trend from east to west of China.     

Energy requirements of consumption: Urban form,climatic and socio-economic factors,rebounds and their policy implications

Household consumption requires energy to be used at all stages of the economic process, thereby directly and indirectly leading to environmental impacts across the entire production chain. The levels, structure and determinants of energy requirements of household consumption therefore constitute an important avenue of research. Incorporating the full upstream requirements into the analysis helps to avoid simplistic conclusions which would actually only imply shifts between consumption categories without taking the economy wide effects into account. This paper presents the investigation of the direct and indirect primary energy requirements of Australian households, contrasting urban, suburban and rural consumption patterns as well as inter- and intra-regional levels of inequality in energy requirements. Furthermore the spatial and socio-economic drivers of energy consumption for different categories of energy requirements are identified and quantified. Conclusions regarding the relationships between energy requirements, household characteristics, urban form and urbanization processes are drawn and the respective policy implications are explored.     

Modelling and analysis of energy footprint of manufacturing systems

Increasing the energy efficiency of manufacturing plants will reduce the production costs and environmental impact. In order to analyse and improve the energy efficiency of manufacturing plants, however, we need models to evaluate the energy footprints of the plants. A key challenge of estimating plant-level footprints is that systemic methods of connecting information on the product, machine and plant levels are not available. Thus, we propose methods to parameterise product-level elements and to model machine-level factors based on those elements. From the machine-level models, the proposed approach performs simulation experiments and provides the energy footprints in closed-form equations for the plant level. We also suggest that the resulting model can be combined with probabilistic techniques to benchmark the energy efficiency of plants at the industry level. In a case study, we demonstrate how to apply the proposed methods to estimate the energy footprint of a hypothetical plant. The procedures introduced here enable manufacturers to evaluate the energy consumption of their facilities at early stages of manufacturing, and provide tools to assess the energy efficiency of their plant by comparison with peers.     

Carbon footprint as environmental performance indicator for the manufacturing industry

With the current focus on our climate change impacts, the embodied CO₂ emission or “Carbon footprint” is often used as an environmental performance indicator for our products or production activities. The ability of carbon footprint to represent other types of impact like human toxicity, and hence the overall environmental impact is investigated based on life cycle assessments of several materials of major relevance to manufacturing industries. The dependence of the carbon footprint on the assumed scenarios for generation of thermal and electrical energy in the life cycle of the materials is analyzed, and the appropriateness of carbon footprint as an overall indicator of the environmental performance is discussed.     

Quantifying the added value of BiPV as a shading solution in atria

Building integration of photovoltaics (PV) has long been acknowledged as a key application for PV in developed countries. The avoided use of comparably priced alternatives such as polished or cut stone in commercial facades enables PV to be applied often at little or no additional cost. The use of semi-transparent PV modules within commercial atria represents an interesting application in this respect as they can be used to replace traditional shading solutions which often have a high maintenance burden. However, compared to standard double glazing, an element incorporating either mono or poly crystalline PV cells in a glass-glass construction comes at a cost premium. To justify such an application there must be significant added value in the PV solution. This paper critically appraises a semi-transparent PV atrium which links two administration buildings at the University of Southampton, enclosing the main campus reception desk. Choosing PV laminates for the atrium roof has multiple benefits for the building users and the wider University, such as electricity generation, solar shading, environmental and technology statements, enhanced comfort and prestigious office workspace. This paper compares alternative shading solutions for the atrium and discusses user perception of the building and the atrium’s impact on their personal workspace. It is shown that PV in commercial atria does not always have to be considered as a ‘luxury’ option. With appropriate consideration of added value factors its selection can be justified in terms of both cost and carbon footprint.     

激光雷达应用中的几种数据表达方式

激光雷达数据有其自身的特点，在三维空间中呈不规则分布的点云。这种数据形式在为信息提取带来便利的同时，也对数据表达方式提出更高的要求。不恰当的数据组织方法不仅会损失部分信息，还可能为信息提取带来某种困难。常用的数据表达方式包括规则格网、不规则三角网、剖面、体元等。本文对这些方法进行了比较分析，指出它们各自的优势和不足。此外，通过对激光雷达数据、表达方式、算法三者间相互关系的分析，探讨了数据表达方式在信息提取中所起的作用。