Chemical footprint of textile and apparel products: an assessment of human and ecological toxicities based on USEtox model

Abstract

In the life cycle assessment framework, the comparison and assessment of chemical footprint (ChF) can be performed to identify the chemical categories with large toxic effect, including the initial inputs of chemical raw materials and the final emissions of chemical pollutants. In this study, the ChF methodology of textile and apparel products was demonstrated using the USEtox model with jeans production as a case study. Several chemical pollutants with large contribution to human and ecological toxicities were identified during the life cycle of the wet treatment process. The logarithmic plot and the cluster analysis indicate that dimethyl siloxane, reaction product with silica and 2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one in the warp dyeing phase are two major contributors to human and ecological toxicities respectively. In the weft bleaching phase, magnesium chloride has high toxicity to humans, and sulfuric acid and nonylphenol ethoxylate have high toxicity to ecological environment. Therefore, these pollutants must be given much attention. The ChF results of chemical materials show that antifoaming agent in the warp dyeing phase has high toxicity to humans. In the weft bleaching phase, peroxide stabilizer has high toxicity to humans, and wetting/penetrating and sequestering agents have high toxicity to ecological environment. These findings can provide a practical guidance for the effective reduction in the toxic impact of textile industrial chemicals on humans and ecological environment.     

基于水足迹与SBM-Malmquist模型的长江经济带工业水资源绿色效率的研究

中国是世界上水资源供需矛盾最突出的国家之一,水资源作为人类生存、社会经济发展的必备资源,一直处于被过度开发利用的状态。文章对长江经济带工业水资源绿色效率进行研究,首先基于水资源效率的内涵,引入环境污染等负面因素,对工业水资源绿色效率进行重新界定,对水资源绿色效率的内涵进行补充,其次通过理论分析与实证分析相结合的方式,了解工业水资源绿色效率的影响因素和时空特征,以此来探讨长江经济带工业水资源绿色效率的提升方法。文章在蓝水足迹与灰水足迹概念的基础上,通过运用三阶段超效率SBM模型和Malmquist-Luenberger指数分解法,选择工业从业人员（劳动）、工业固定资产投资（资本）、蓝水足迹（自然资源）作为投入变量,将工业增加值作为期望产出变量,将灰水足迹作为非期望产出变量,构建了工业水资源绿色效率的指标体系,并对长江经济带11省市2009—2019年的工业水资源绿色效率进行了测算。结果表明,长江经济带整体和区域的蓝水足迹具有波动性,灰水足迹呈下降趋势。在剔除环境因素和随机误差后,发现环境因素对纯技术效率的抑制作用较为明显,规模效率和综合技术效率还有一定的提升空间。全要素生产率指数呈现上升趋势,虽然影响全要素生产率指数变化的因素在各个省份、不同阶段有所不同,但整体上长江经济带工业水资源绿色效率的主要驱动因素源于技术进步。因此建议长江经济带的不同省份可以结合各自的产业特点,发挥各个区域的资源禀赋,通过产业上下游供应链结合等方式来提高规模效率、加强区域合作,通过投入产出要素的优化提高效益、减少水污染。     

Research on carbon footprint clothing sales北大核心

Carbon emissions of the clothing sales should not be ignored in the process of the garment life cycle carbon emissions. This paper describes in detail how the clothing goes from the factory to consumers, and discusses the source of Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions from the two aspects of the traditional marketing and network marketing. And then, this paper mainly discusses the clothing sales carbon footprint, and to calculate the carbon footprint by drawing the clothing from the factory to the flow chart, determining boundary, collecting data and other steps, and then evaluates of the impact according to the results of the analysis. Quantitative evaluation of carbon footprint of clothing sales can help us reduce greenhouse gas emissions, contributes to the sustainable development of clothing industry.     

Effect of feeding strategies and cropping systems on greenhouse gas emission from Wisconsin certified organic dairy farms

Organic agriculture continues to expand in the United States, both in total hectares and market share. However, management practices used by dairy organic producers, and their resulting environmental impacts, vary across farms. This study used a partial life cycle assessment approach to estimate the effect of different feeding strategies and associated crop production on greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) from Wisconsin certified organic dairy farms. Field and livestock-driven emissions were calculated using 2 data sets. One was a 20-yr data set from the Wisconsin Integrated Cropping System Trial documenting management inputs, crop and pasture yields, and soil characteristics, used to estimate field-level emissions from land associated with feed production (row crop and pasture), including N₂O and soil carbon sequestration. The other was a data set summarizing organic farm management in Wisconsin, which was used to estimate replacement heifer emission (CO₂ equivalents), enteric methane (CH₄), and manure management (N₂O and CH₄). Three combinations of corn grain (CG) and soybean (SB) as concentrate (all corn = 100% CG; baseline = 75% CG + 25% SB; half corn = 50% CG + 50% SB) were assigned to each of 4 representative management strategies as determined by survey data. Overall, GHG emissions associated with crop production was 1,297 ± 136 kg of CO₂ equivalents/t of ECM without accounting for soil carbon changes (ΔSC), and GHG emission with ΔSC was 1,457 ± 111 kg of CO₂ equivalents/t of ECM, with greater reliance on pasture resulting in less ΔSC. Higher levels of milk production were a major driver associated with reduction in GHG emission per metric tonne of ECM. Emissions per metric tonne of ECM increased with increasing proportion of SB in the ration; however, including SB in the crop rotation decreased N₂O emission per metric tonne of ECM from cropland due to lower applications of organically approved N fertility inputs. More SB at the expense of CG in the ration reduced enteric CH₄ emission per metric tonne of ECM (because of greater dietary fat content) but increased N₂O emission per metric tonne of ECM from manure (because of greater N content). An increased reliance on pasture for feed at the expense of grain resulted in decreased in milk production, subsequently leading to substantially higher emissions per metric tonne of ECM.     

基于生态足迹的调水工程环境影响评价——以牛栏江-滇池补水工程为例

牛栏江-滇池补水工程调水后对水源地牛栏江流域的生物资源、工业和生活用水情况将产生一定影响,使其生态供给量和需求量发生变化,因此必须对水源地的生态承载力进行评价。利用构建的调水工程生态足迹计算模型,对牛栏江-滇池补水工程对水源地牛栏江流域的环境影响进行了评价。结果表明,补水工程对牛栏江流域生态承载力影响程度极低,处于当地生态系统可承载的范围之内。研究成果为牛栏江流域的生态环境保护规划提供了科学依据,也可为其他调水工程环境影响评价提供借鉴。      

宁夏沿黄城市带碳水足迹及其关联关系研究

减碳、节水是黄河流域可持续发展面临的重要问题。从水资源生态及碳足迹角度出发,将区域水碳关系进行耦合研究,有助于揭示水资源质量与碳排放之间的关系,为宁夏沿黄城市带实现生态环境保护可持续均衡发展提供指导。基于水资源生态足迹与碳足迹理论,从时空分布差异、水碳关联性特征入手,计算并分析了2010—2019年宁夏沿黄城市带4个中心城市的碳足迹、水资源生态足迹及其时空变化趋势。结果表明：区域内已经形成了以吴忠市-银川市为重心的碳排放和水生态压力区,且与经济高度发展区域有空间重合,但不同地区由于产业结构及资源条件的不同,碳排放与水资源的关联性差异明显,其中水质生态足迹与碳足迹之间的关联性更显著,呈现出水、碳、环境、产业等发展的区域不均衡性。     

大连市2005年生态足迹与生态承载力研究

应用William Rees 等提出的生态足迹分析法对大连市2005 年生态足迹进行了定量计算和分析。结果表明,2005 年大连市人均生态足迹为3.2018 hm2 ,可供给的人均生态承载力面积仅为0.849 hm2 ,大连市生态足迹是生态承载力面积的3.78倍,表明大连市生态系统承受着较大的压力,大连市可持续发展不乐观。     

基于生态足迹的矿业城市可持续发展测度研究

矿业城市的生态环境极其脆弱,其可持续发展程度为社会广泛关注。本文在生态足迹评价模型的基础上,对矿业城市武安市2005年的生态足迹结构和生态承载力结构进行了分析,并结合其他5个矿业城市进行生态足迹比较、区域资源利用效益分析和可持续发展测度3个方面的研究。研究结果显示,矿业城市的人均生态足迹远大于人均生态承载力,均出现生态预警,处于恶性发展状态。造成生态赤字的主要原因是由于矿业城市的能源消耗需求量大。本文针对矿业城市的资源特殊性,提出矿业城市持续发展的建议。     

西吉县2010年生态足迹研究

在介绍生态足迹计算模型的基础上,计算分析了西吉县2010年的生态足迹和生态承载力.结果显示,2010年西吉县人均生态足迹为1.260 6 hm2,实际人均生态承载力为1.184 3 hm2,人均生态赤字为0.076 3 hm2,表明生态发展处于不可持续状态.根据计算结果有针对性地提出了实现西吉县可持续发展的对策,即继续实施退耕还林还草政策,切实保护退耕还林还草成果;积极调整农业产业结构,发展后续产业;做好剩余劳动力转移和生态移民工作.     

基于建筑物轮廓的地面激光点云与影像匹配点云配准研究

为了高精度融合异源数据,进而充分表达建筑物的顶面及立面信息,提出基于建筑物轮廓特征的地面激光点云与影像匹配点云配准方法.通过边缘估计提取影像匹配点云建筑物屋顶轮廓,利用α-shape算法匹配提取地面激光点云建筑物屋檐轮廓,运用主成分分析算法、质心约束及罗德里格斯公式实现两种轮廓点云的粗配准,根据ICP算法完成精配准.实验结果表明该方法能够实现跨模态数据的优势互补,有效提高影像与点云配准的计算效率和配准精度.