Chemical correlates of α-tocopherol (Vitamin E) alteredMalacosoma disstria herbivory inFraxinus pennsylvanica var.Subintegerrinia,green ash

The antioxidant -tocopherol (vitamin E), applied in a basal trunk band to the green ash tree,Fraxinus pennsylvanica var.subintergerrinia, elicited an alteration of foliar feeding byMalacosoma disstria larvae (Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae). The bioassayed effects were dependent on the dosage of elicitor, the time after elicitation, and the position in the tree. Leaves for chemical analysis were collected from trees receiving two dosages and at two intervals after elicitation. Compounds in the ethyl acetate extractables from the ash tree leaves were separated by TLC and HPLC. TLC separations showed differences in the nonhydrolyzed extractables attributable to elicitor dosage and time after elicitation. TLC-resolved differences were also evident among acid-hydrolyzed samples. HPLC-resolved profiles revealed eight peaks in the nonhydrolyzed extractables that were quantitatively negatively correlated with larval feeding preference between elicited versus control foliage on at least one of the two sampling dates. Results from this study and other investigations reported in the literature indicate that the antioxidant-tocopherol (vitamin E) can function as an environmental-stress elicitor of alterable defensive chemistry in green ash and other plants.     

多传感器融合下多工况刀具磨损状态预测的深度森林方法研究

准确监测加工过程刀具磨损状态有助于避免因刀具失效导致的产品质量问题。 建立不同工况的刀具磨损监测模型,往往需要对每组工况调参以保证精度。 为减少调参并保证预测精度,结合深度森林的超参数少、参数对模型不敏感和训练过程自适应等优点,利用深度森林建立了多传感器信号及多工况下自主特征选择的刀具磨损状态预测模型。 基于 3 组不同工艺参数下 TC18 铣削过程的多传感器及磨损数据,以及预测与健康管理(PHM)学会 2010 年高速数控机床刀具健康预测竞赛的开放数据,深度森林在 3 组工况的预测精度分别为 95. 35% 、96. 63% 和 97. 06% ,在 PHM 数据上为 98. 95% ,验证了深度森林对多工况下刀具磨损预测的高精度和适用性,为在线监测技术提供了有力的指导。     

适应与抵制：越南为应对气候变化采取的措施

首先,以当前应对气候变化的措施发展的批判性立场为切入点,提出一种对于世界范围的景观越来越适用、近乎通用的“工具箱”假设。它提出了一种逻辑上的反思并开拓了具有在相似内容中反复提炼出来的一系列地理与社会文化原则的设计方案。它否认空间的普遍性意义和逐渐增长的对于效能评估标准的依赖,反而强调文化适用性与地理特殊性的影响力。为证明这些假设,以近年来作者和他人协同越南合作伙伴设计的越南当地项目为重点。最终,针对气候变化制定六大主题。这些主题将细致分析周围景观的场域特定和自然逻辑作为基础,而这一逻辑又与其生态基础以及社会和文化密不可分。提出的一系列策略有助于缩小经济与生态、文化与自然、城市主义与景观之间的分歧,同时适应气候变化带来的新挑战,并抵制同质化的应对措施。     

The effect of nitrogenous fertilizers on the nitrification of forest soils

The effect of fertilization with urea and ammonium nitrate on nitrogen mineralization was studied in a series of laboratory incubation experiments. The samples (humus layer) were collected from field experiments with different applications of fertilizers during a period of 11–14 years. The nitrogen fertilization influenced some chemical properties of the humus layer such as pH, N-Kjeldahl content and the content of inorganic nitrogen, especially in the samples from North Sweden. Nitrate nitrogen was formed in humus samples classified as non-nitrifying in several cases, usually after urea fertilization.     

我国木质林产品国际贸易的特点分析

利用近10年来的我国木质林产品进出口数据,从贸易地位、贸易增长、进出口产品结构、进出口地区结构、贸易条件、贸易方式等方面,分析归纳了近年来我国木质林产品国际贸易的特点和问题。     

基于孤立森林算法的取用水量异常数据检测方法

水资源管理系统中储存着海量的取用水量数据,通过筛选数据中的异常值定位异常取水行为,是水资源监管的重要手段。对取用水量数据中的异常值普遍缺乏明确定义,传统的异常值检测算法在实时性和稳定性方面存在不足。在总结归纳现阶段取用水量异常数据种类、特点的基础上,首先运用平均插值法对可直观识别异常值进行预处理,在预处理后的数据中随机取样训练,建立多个孤立二叉树形成孤立森林,以此为工具对数据样本进行异常值检测。对某供水公司连续两年日取水量监测数据的实证分析结果表明,基于孤立森林算法的异常值检测方法将数据样本的特征通过非监督学习方式存储在森林中,具有更高的稳定性;能够准确检测出数据样本中的异常值,相比于传统最小二乘拟合方法具有更高的检出率。     

浅谈黄土高原重点水土流失区的林业生态工程建设

黄土高原重点水土流失区林业生态工程建设的现状可以用“三低”（造林成活率低、保存率低、林木生长率低）来概括，人工林具有矮化，纤细，低产，烯疏4个特征，自然条件，适地适树、苗木质量、造林技术、抚育管护等5个方面的问题是造成“三低”的主要原因，适地适树适法是现阶段防治中造林“三低”的主要技术途径，其核心是“林水平衡”合理布局，适地适树，重视经济树种、抗旱造林以及加强病、虫、鼠、免、牛、羊、危害防治，是搞好区内林业生态建设的主要技术措施。     

总体结构取决于信息流程的分布处理系统

本文描述的信息分布处理系统,主要由大量单片微型计算机(MC)及一总管程序构成。每一MC有其编号,代表它的专用功能,信息在各MC间“分包”地传输,每包冠以一组编号,顺序地对应,在处理过程中,信息包经过的各MC编号。总管程序包括两个方面:一是赋于各MC以专门功能,二是控制信息的分包传输。因此具体的信息处理任务动态地决定着系统的结构。MC间导线的连结采取一种“树林”型网络,使得处理所需的时间趋向于O(log_2N),N为所牵涉到的MC数。本系统具有下列特点:(1)动态可变的总体结构,(2)可同时进行不同类型的信息处理,(3)自然的可扩性,(4)高度并行运算,(5)造价低靡,易于实现。     

Assessing spatial and temporal variations in surface soil moisture in fire-disturbed black spruce forests in Interior Alaska using spaceborne synthetic aperture radar imagery — Implications for post-fire tree recruitment

Recent studies [Bourgeau-Chavez, L.L., Kasischke, E.S., Riordan, K., Brunzell, S.M., Nolan, M., Hyer, E.J., Slawski, J.J., Medvecz, M., Walters, T., and Ames, S. (in press). Remote monitoring of spatial and temporal surface soil moisture in fire disturbed boreal forest ecosystems with ERS SAR imagery. Int. J. Rem. Sens.] demonstrated that ERS SAR imagery can be used to estimate surface soil moisture in recently burned black spruce forests in interior Alaska. We used this relationship to analyze the intra- and inter-annual variations surface soil moisture in two burned black spruce forests in Alaska. The results of this study showed distinct seasonal and longer-term trends in soil moisture in the two sites, with the site that burned in 1994 having higher soil moisture than the site that burned in 1999. The differences in soil moisture between the sites were related to landscape-scale variations in soil drainage and seasonal permafrost thawing. Finally, we found that the 1999 site had dramatically lower levels of tree recruitment (both aspen and black spruce) than the 1994 site as a result of the lower soil moisture levels. These results show that the ERS SAR and similar systems can be used to monitor a site characteristic that is important to understanding changes in the ecosystem community structure that result from variations in climate and the fire regime in the boreal region.     

Polyamine Profiles Of Healthy and Parasite-Infected Vaccinium Myrtillus Plants Under Nitrogen Enrichment

Addition of nitrogen (N) to the field layer of boreal forests has been shown to increase the occurrence of the parasitic fungus Valdensia heterodoxa on Vaccinium myrtillus plants. We investigated whether N addition to soil alters the levels of polyamines in V. myrtillus shoots, and discuss here whether such changes could promote the spread of the parasitic fungus on V. myrtillus. Using HPLC, we analyzed the concentrations of free and conjugated polyamines in healthy and naturally V. heterodoxa-infected V. myrtillus plants, which had received a moderate or high dose of N fertilizer, or no additional N. Fertilization with N increased the concentrations of free diamines (putrescine and diaminopropane), but had no significant effect on conjugated amines. Thus, N-induced changes in the constitutive levels of soluble conjugated amines do not seem to explain the increased parasite susceptibility of V. myrtillus under N enrichment. Generally, the concentrations of free diamines and insoluble conjugated putrescine were higher in diseased than in healthy shoots, suggesting parasite-induced accumulation of diamines. Free spermine seemed to accumulate in unfertilized, diseased plants, but in fertilized plants this induction was dampened, suggesting that N-induced alterations in spermine metabolism may promote the spread of parasites on V. myrtillus under N-enrichment.