考虑全柔性单元复杂变形的微位移放大机构刚度分析

提出一种考虑全柔性单元复杂变形的平面柔性机构刚度分析方法, 除将底座视为刚性单元外, 其余全部视为柔性单元, 然后根据力平衡方程即可得到机构整体刚度.该方法综合考虑了各柔性单元在各向的变形, 使得分析结果更接近实际情况, 同时避免了其他方法需要单独处理的柔性单元与刚性单元的位移协调问题, 可大大减少计算量.应用多种方法对一种微位移放大模块的刚度进行了研究.全柔性单元法的分析结果更接近ANSYS仿真结果, 并表明机构的整体刚度K与动力臂和阻力臂的比值有关, 两者相等时近似取得最小值, 为刚度与阻力臂的关系曲线拐点, 分析结果对给定刚度的杠杆放大机构参数设计具有重要意义.     

红酵母红素对氧化应激细胞PC12细胞的保护机制

探究红酵母红素对氧化应激细胞的保护机制。PC12细胞（大鼠肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤细胞）分为对照组、模型组（200μmol/L H₂O₂）、番茄红素组（20μmol/L番茄红素+200μmol/L H₂O₂,阳性对照组）和红酵母红素组（1μmol/L红酵母红素+200μmol/L H₂O₂、2μmol/L红酵母红素+200μmol/L H₂O₂和3μmol/L红酵母红素+200μmol/L H₂O₂）,分别观察PC12细胞的形态变化,检测细胞凋亡率、半胱氨酸蛋白酶Caspase-3的活性及细胞中促凋亡蛋白Bax和抗凋亡蛋白Bcl-2的表达含量。结果表明,与模型组相比,3μmol/L的红酵母红素能维持细胞原有形态,降低了11.6%的细胞凋亡率（p<0.05）,抑制了62.92%的Caspase-3活性（p<0.01）,进一步研究发现红酵母红素能够下调Bax的表达（p<0.01）,上调Bcl-2的表达（p<0.01）,从而阻止了凋亡链反应。综上所述,红酵母红素可能通过抑制Caspase-3活性,调节Bax和Bcl-2的表达来发挥对氧化应激细胞的保护作用,且其作用存在剂量依赖性。      

γ-生育三烯酚的生物活性及其作用机理研究进展

维生素E包括生育酚和生育三烯酚两个亚族,每个亚族有四种单体（α,β,γ和δ）。相较于其他维生素E单体,γ-生育三烯酚（γ-T3）具有更好的抗肿瘤、神经保护、降低胆固醇、抗炎以及抑制脂肪产生的作用。本文旨在综述γ-T3的生物活性及其作用机理,提出目前γ-T3生物活性研究中存在的问题,并对其研究方向进行展望。      

食品添加剂抗鲜湿方便米粉老化的研究进展

鲜湿方便米粉含水量高,在储藏过程中易老化,这使其食用口感变差,货架期变短。因此,抑制鲜湿方便米粉的老化是延长其货架期的重要手段。目前,添加抗老化剂是抑制鲜湿方便米粉老化最直接有效的手段。大量研究表明,不同类别添加剂对鲜湿方便米粉老化及品质的影响各有不同,且抗米粉老化的作用机制也有差异。本文主要系统地综述了鲜湿方便米粉中常用抗老化添加剂作用机制及其优缺点,以期客观评价不同类别添加剂对鲜湿方便米粉老化的影响,为鲜湿方便米粉抗老化的研究提供一定的理论依据。      

Synthesis of Lightweight Renewable Microwave-Absorbing Bio-Polyurethane/Fe3O4 Composite Foam: Structure Analysis and Absorption Mechanism

Sustainable renewable polymer foam used as a lightweight porous skeleton for microwave absorption is a novel strategy that can effectively solve the problems of the large surface density, high additive amount, and narrow absorbing band of absorbing materials. In this article, novel renewable microwave-absorbing foams were prepared using Sapiumse biferum kernel oil-based polyurethane foam (BPUF) as porous matrix and Fe₃O₄-nanoparticles as magnetic absorbents. The microstructure and the microwave absorption performance, the structural effects on the properties, and electromagnetic mechanism of the magnetic BPUF (mBPUF) were systematically characterized and analyzed. The results show that the mBPUF displayed a porous hierarchical structure and was multi-interfacial, which provided a skeleton and matching layer for the Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles. The effective reflection loss (RL ≤ −10 dB) frequency of the mBPUF was from 4.16 GHz to 18 GHz with only 9 wt% content of Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles at a thickness of 1.5~5 mm. The surface density of the mBPUF coatings was less than 0.5 kg/cm² at a thickness of 1.8 mm. The lightweight characteristics and broadband absorption were attributed to the porous hierarchical structures and the dielectric combined with the magnetic loss effect. It indicates that the mBPUF is a prospective broadband-absorbing material in the field of lightweight stealth materials.     

Aquaporin Gating: A New Twist to Unravel Permeation through Water Channels

Aquaporins (AQPs) are small transmembrane tetrameric proteins that facilitate water, solute and gas exchange. Their presence has been extensively reported in the biological membranes of almost all living organisms. Although their discovery is much more recent than ion transport systems, different biophysical approaches have contributed to confirm that permeation through each monomer is consistent with closed and open states, introducing the term gating mechanism into the field. The study of AQPs in their native membrane or overexpressed in heterologous systems have experimentally demonstrated that water membrane permeability can be reversibly modified in response to specific modulators. For some regulation mechanisms, such as pH changes, evidence for gating is also supported by high-resolution structures of the water channel in different configurations as well as molecular dynamics simulation. Both experimental and simulation approaches sustain that the rearrangement of conserved residues contributes to occlude the cavity of the channel restricting water permeation. Interestingly, specific charged and conserved residues are present in the environment of the pore and, thus, the tetrameric structure can be subjected to alter the positions of these charges to sustain gating. Thus, is it possible to explore whether the displacement of these charges (gating current) leads to conformational changes? To our knowledge, this question has not yet been addressed at all. In this review, we intend to analyze the suitability of this proposal for the first time.     

Skeletal Muscle Regeneration in Cardiotoxin-Induced Muscle Injury Models

Skeletal muscle injuries occur frequently in daily life and exercise. Understanding the mechanisms of regeneration is critical for accelerating the repair and regeneration of muscle. Therefore, this article reviews knowledge on the mechanisms of skeletal muscle regeneration after cardiotoxin-induced injury. The process of regeneration is similar in different mouse strains and is inhibited by aging, obesity, and diabetes. Exercise, microcurrent electrical neuromuscular stimulation, and mechanical loading improve regeneration. The mechanisms of regeneration are complex and strain-dependent, and changes in functional proteins involved in the processes of necrotic fiber debris clearance, M1 to M2 macrophage conversion, SC activation, myoblast proliferation, differentiation and fusion, and fibrosis and calcification influence the final outcome of the regenerative activity.     

Oligomerization-Dependent Beta-Structure Formation in SARS-CoV-2 Envelope Protein

The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is responsible for the current COVID-19 pandemic. In SARS-CoV-2, the channel-forming envelope (E) protein is almost identical to the E protein in SARS-CoV, and both share an identical α-helical channel-forming domain. Structures for the latter are available in both detergent and lipid membranes. However, models of the extramembrane domains have only been obtained from solution NMR in detergents, and show no β-strands, in contrast to secondary-structure predictions. Herein, we have studied the conformation of purified SARS-CoV-2 E protein in lipid bilayers that mimic the composition of ER–Golgi intermediate compartment (ERGIC) membranes. The full-length E protein at high protein-to-lipid ratios produced a clear shoulder at 1635 cm⁻¹, consistent with the β-structure, but this was absent when the E protein was diluted, which instead showed a band at around 1688 cm⁻¹, usually assigned to β-turns. The results were similar with a mixture of POPC:POPG (2-oleoyl-1-palmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine/3-glycerol) and also when using an E-truncated form (residues 8–65). However, the latter only showed β-structure formation at the highest concentration tested, while having a weaker oligomerization tendency in detergents than in full-length E protein. Therefore, we conclude that E monomer–monomer interaction triggers formation of the β-structure from an undefined structure (possibly β-turns) in at least about 15 residues located at the C-terminal extramembrane domain. Due to its proximity to the channel, this β-structure domain could modulate channel activity or modify membrane structure at the time of virion formation inside the cell.     

Inflammatory Mechanism of Brucella Infection in Placental Trophoblast Cells

Brucellosis is a severe zoonotic infectious disease caused by the infection of the Brucella, which is widespread and causes considerable economic losses in underdeveloped areas. Brucella is a facultative intracellular bacteria whose main target cells for infection are macrophages, placental trophoblast cells and dendritic cells. The main clinical signs of Brucella infection in livestock are reproductive disorders and abortion. At present, the pathogenesis of placentitis or abortion caused by Brucella in livestock is not fully understood, and further research on the effect of Brucella on placental development is still necessary. This review will mainly introduce the research progress of Brucella infection of placental trophoblast cells as well as the inflammatory response caused by it, explaining the molecular regulation mechanism of Brucella leading to reproductive system disorders and abortion, and also to provide the scientific basis for revealing the pathogenesis and infection mechanism of Brucella.