表面加工工艺对钨-钠相容性特征的影响

试验研究了表面加工工艺不同的旋锻钨和抛光钨与钠的相容性。在600℃、含30μg/g氧的金属钠中,旋锻钨和抛光钨的失重速率分别为1×10-4mm·a-1和2×10-4mm·a-1,两种钨与钠均有良好的相容性。旋锻钨试样在钠中的腐蚀失重量随着腐蚀时间增长而减少;抛光钨试样的失重量与腐蚀时间的倒数呈线性关系。X射线衍射分析显示,腐蚀后的旋锻钨试样表面腐蚀产物为NaxWOy和WxOy,而抛光钨则仅有NaxWOy。腐蚀失重曲线的不同和腐蚀产物的差异表明,表面加工工艺造成的表面状态对钨在钠中的腐蚀特性和机理有显著影响。经高温钠腐蚀后,旋锻钨试样的晶粒长大,断裂应力和显微硬度显著降低;高温钠腐蚀对抛光钨试样的断裂应力和显微硬度似乎无明显影响。断口分析结果显示,钠腐蚀前,旋锻钨和抛光钨试样的断口形貌均呈现沿晶脆断特征;钠腐蚀后,两种钨试样的沿晶脆断特征变得更为显著,为沿晶和穿晶混合型脆性断裂。     

通风除尘电机轴承内套热损伤疲劳断裂分析

某炼钢厂LF炉外精炼炉通风除尘电机轴承内套在运行过程中发生断裂 ,断裂源位于轴承内表面。用光学显微镜和扫描电镜对断裂件进行宏、微观检验。结果表明 ,电机轴承内套是由于润滑失效产生的热损伤疲劳断裂     

用拉伸试验机横梁位移值计算断后伸长率

介绍利用拉伸试验机横梁位移数据计算拉伸试样断后伸长率的方法。由试样长度与标距不一致产生的测量偏差，可通过补偿值加以修正，其测量精度与常规测量方法基本相同。     

混凝土斜裂纹损伤断裂分析

混凝土构件中宏观裂纹尖端附近，伴随有损伤，随着损伤的发展，微裂纹集度不断增大，合并形成宏观裂纹，本文将Mazars混凝土损伤模型应用于混凝土断裂分析中，带斜裂纹的构件受拉应力作用时，将产生Ⅰ、Ⅱ型复合裂纹．本文分析了宏观裂纹尖端附近区域的损伤，所得结果与最大拉应力理论的结果比较相符。     

The effect of precipitation of Mg2Al3 and of MnAl6 on texture evolution during isothermal annealing and subsequently on formability of CC AA5182 Al alloy

Continuous cast (CC) AA5182 Al alloy with the precipitation of Mg₂Al₃ and of MnAl₆ was cold rolled to 70% reduction and then isothermally annealed in a salt bath at three temperatures (316, 343, and 371 °C) for different times. Texture evolution during recrystallization was investigated. It was found that the recrystallization textures of the material with intense Mg₂Al₃ precipitation along the grain boundaries exhibited weaker Cube, Goss and R/β fiber components than those of the material with the more uniform fine MnAl₆ precipitates. The opposite was true in the cold rolled condition, i.e. the material with MnAl₆ precipitation had weaker Cube, Goss, and R/β fiber components in the cold rolled condition than the material with intense Mg₂Al₃ precipitation. Thus, recrystallization textures of material with Mg₂Al₃ precipitation were weaker than material with MnAl₆ precipitation. This is due to the fact that large Mg₂Al₃ particles favor the nucleation of randomly oriented grains. When subjected to formability tests, the material with prior Mg₂Al₃ precipitation displayed a lower anisotropy in tensile yield strength, ultimate tensile strength, elongation, and strain hardening exponent than material with prior MnAl₆ precipitation. This is in accord with the texture results which indicated that the recrystallization textures of material with an initial Mg₂Al₃ precipitation were closer to those of a perfectly random sample than those of material with an initial MnAl₆ precipitation. On the other hand, the elongation and Olsen values were lower and the surface quality after bending tests was worse for material with Mg₂Al₃ precipitation. This is due to the non-uniform distribution of Mg₂Al₃ particles which precipitated primarily along the grain boundaries and caused an earlier formation and coalescence of the microvoids around the grain boundary precipitates. The forming limit diagrams (FLD) correlated well with the tensile, Olsen and bending results.     

Comments on the sliding wear of metals

The author reviews selected experimental results which have contributed to improved understanding of sliding wear processes. The emphasis is on the chemical and structural changes which occur at and near the surface of metallic materials during sliding in different environments. The importance of plastic deformation, fracture, transfer, mechanical mixing, phase transformations and oxidation is discussed. Examples of transitions are described, and interesting correlations noted. In selecting the content of this paper, the author includes controversial results and conclusions and raises questions about the development of wear equations, interpretations of the wear coefficient, the importance of adhesion, the roles of hardness, the causes of transitions and the location of debris-producing cracks.     

Nonlinear programming approaches for an inverse problem in quasibrittle fracture

Characterization of the parameters describing the cohesive crack model is an important and difficult problem. Based on the availability of load-deflection data, obtained from such standard tests as the three-point bending and wedge splitting experiments, we formulate the required parameter identification as a special type of inverse problem. The formulation is in the form of a constrained optimization problem known as a mathematical program with equilibrium constraints characterized, in the present instance, by complementarity conditions involving the orthogonality of two sign-constrained vectors. Due to the difficulty of solving such a mathematical program directly, we investigate a number of numerical algorithms that are all based on solving a series of standard nonlinear programming problems. Computational results, using actual experimental data, are presented to compare the various schemes proposed.     

Microstructure evolution during reheating of a Nb-bearing steel I. Metallographic examination

Cooled in water after the isothermal relaxation of deformed austenite for different timea, a Nb-bearing microalloyed steel always exhibits synthetic microstructures of bainitic ferrite, granular bainite and acicular ferrite. When these samples were reheated to and held at 650 or 700℃, the non-equilibrious microstructures tend to evolve into equilibrious ones. The sample relaxed for 60 s displays the highest thermostability, while the microstructure evolution is the quickest in the sample relaxed for 1000 s even though it is the softest before reheating. Softening is not a single process occurring during reheating, in which the hardness fluctuates with time. There are two peaks in the hardness-time curve of each sample having undergone relaxation, while a single peak occurs in the curve of the sample having not been relaxed. Pre-strain accelerates the evolution process. These results indicate that the thermostability of microstructures is determined by their history of formation to a considerable degree.     

62A钢丝冷拔断裂问题分析

利用扫描电镜(SEM)、能谱分析仪(EDS)等手段,对62A钢丝在拉拔过程中出现的断裂问题进行了研究。通过对不同类型断口的分析结果发现,钢丝断口形貌主要分为平面状和杯锥状2大类,根据不同的断口形貌其断裂类型可分为脆性断裂和韧性断裂。在拉拔过程中的断裂主要是由钢丝内存在较大的夹杂物、元素偏析以及钢丝表面缺陷等原因造成的。     

水泥砂浆的率型损伤演化

实验结果表明,水泥砂浆在受力变形中的损伤演化是率相关的,因此,类似于位错运动的热激活机制;给出了水泥砂浆的率型损伤演化律．