我国与国际食品法典委员会食用菌标准体系的差异性分析

我国是食用菌生产大国,近年来食用菌的产量和产值均保持增长态势;同时,也是食用菌出口大国,在世界食用菌贸易中占有主要地位。但出口的食用菌产品在国际贸易中频繁遭受发达国家的贸易壁垒,给生产企业造成较大的经济损失。我国出口食用菌被通报的主要原因为农药残留超标、腐烂或污秽、标签不合格等,其中以农药残留超标为主。为有效应对国际贸易壁垒,促进食用菌产业健康高质量发展,本文选择国际上较为通用的国际食品法典委员会（Codex Alimentarius Commission, CAC）标准为目标之一,梳理归纳我国和CAC的食用菌标准体系内容,并从食品分类体系、品质指标、食品添加剂指标、污染物指标和农药残留指标进行差异性比对分析,期望能够为我国食用菌标准体系进一步的完善提供理论支持。     

基于高通量测序探究东北粳稻储藏期间真菌群落的演替

为探究不同初始水分的东北粳稻在模拟实仓环境储藏的条件下,稻谷中真菌群落随储藏时间的演替变化。选取水分在14.50%~15.50%的稻谷HW和13.50%~14.50%稻谷LW,进入模拟储藏实验。结果表明,在第一和第二储藏期高水分稻谷HW水分含量由15.50%降低至15.09%,低水分稻谷LW水分含量由14.21%降低至13.59%,直至第三储藏期保持平稳。基于可操作性分类单元（Operational Taxonmic Units,OTUs）的物种分类分析,两种水分的稻谷真菌群落经历了不同的演替变化。高水分稻谷在每个储藏期,真菌群落都发生了明显演替,稻瘟病菌（Magnaporthe_grisea）、金黄色蝶形担孢酵母（Papiliotrema_aurea）、弯孢菌（Curvularia_inaequalis）、黑孢霉（Neosetophoma_samararum）、汉纳酵母菌（Hannaella_sinensis）在储存结束时成为了最终的优势菌种。低水分稻谷在第二储藏期真菌群落发生明显演替,优势菌种为弯孢菌（Curvularia_inaequalis）、汉纳酵母菌（Hannaella_sinensis）、Hannaella_zeae。     

土壤有机质含量和酸碱度对烟草内生真菌生物多样性的影响

为研究环境生态因素对烟草内生真菌的影响,在湖北省恩施州选取不同有机质含量和酸碱度的田块,以云烟87为供试植株,探究土壤有机质含量和酸碱度对烟草内生真菌生物多样性的影响。试验分别选取6块不同有机质含量（分别为16.3,20.7,23.3,27.1,31.4和35.6 g/kg）及4块不同pH（分别为4.3,5.5,6.4和7.6）的田块,采用五点取样法采集健康烟草植株,分离纯化根中内生真菌并根据rDNA-ITS序列分析进行菌种鉴定,以Shannon多样性指数及相对分离频率反映内生真菌生物多样性。结果发现,烟草内生真菌生物多样性随土壤有机质含量的升高呈先上升后下降的趋势,在6个不同土壤有机质含量下,内生真菌Shannon多样性指数分别为0.53、0.67、0.82、1.09、0.86和0.59;而烟草内生真菌生物多样性随土壤pH的升高呈下降的趋势,在4个不同土壤pH下,内生真菌Shannon多样性指数分别为1.36、1.12、0.93和0.83。研究表明,土壤有机质含量和酸碱度会对烟草内生真菌生物多样性产生一定影响。在一定范围内,土壤有机质含量的升高或者pH的降低可以增加烟草内生真菌的物种丰富度。     

食用菌中甾醇物质抗炎活性研究概述

近年来,在天然产物中筛选具有抗炎作用药物的研究愈加深入。食用菌分布广泛,次级代谢产物丰富,在许多方面表现出良好的生理活性,从而引起了普遍的关注。文章对食用菌中具有抗炎活性的甾醇类物质的提取、测定、分离纯化及其抗炎作用的研究方法和作用机制进行了整理,以期为以后的相关研究提供参考。     

Cessation of polyunsaturated fatty acid formation in four selected filamentous fungi when grown on plant oils

Four fungi,Conidiobolus nanodes, Entomophthora exitalis, Mortierella isabellina, andMucor circinelloides, were grown on various oils (triolein, sesame, safflower, linseed, and oil fromM. isabellina) and produced lipids in which the fatty acids were predominantly the same as those of the original staring substrate. Only in the first two cases was there evidence of a small amount of chain elongation and of fatty acid desaturation taking place. The extent of this was only about 10% of that seen in glucose-grown cells. The apparent repression of the fatty acid desaturases and elongases was not reversed by growing cells on glucose and oils as mixed substrates—the fatty acid profiles were the same as when the fungi had grown in oils alone. Neither was the cessation of polyunsaturated fatty acid synthesis due to the presence of nonoil components (NOC) in the oil. Only the NOC from sesame oil affected one single conversion, that of 20∶3n-3 to 20∶4n–6. We conclude that fatty acid desaturase and elongase systems are repressed either partially or completely in a filamentous fungi grown on triacylglycerol oils.     

黑曲霉产有机酸浸出铀矿石的影响因素

为了解培养基种类、培养温度和pH值等因素对黑曲霉产生的混合有机酸浸出铀矿石的影响,从铀矿山水样中分离、纯化得到了一株真菌--黑曲霉,应用马铃薯-蔗糖培养基（potato sucrose agar,PSA）和葡萄糖-玉米浆培养基(dextrose corn syrup,PCS)进行黑曲霉培养,获得了不同培养温度下产生的pH值不同的黑曲霉产混合有机酸,并将之作为浸出剂用于浸铀实验研究。研究表明,黑曲霉产生的有机酸的主要组分为草酸和柠檬酸等有机酸,培养基种类的不同会影响黑曲霉所产有机酸的浸铀效果,采用PSA培养基培养的黑曲霉产生的有机酸浸铀效果更好（p<0.05）。培养温度和混合有机酸的pH值也会对黑曲霉代谢产物的铀浸出率有显著性影响（p<0.05）,且二者具有交互效应,pH值对铀浸出率的影响相对较大。应用PSA培养基时,最佳培养温度为25℃,最佳代谢产物pH值为2.3;应用PCS培养基时,最佳培养温度为30℃,最佳混合有机酸pH值为2.0。培养基种类、温度和pH值主要通过改变黑曲霉产生的有机酸的成分和含量对铀浸出率产生影响。     

草甘膦对土壤微生物影响的研究

研究了草甘膦在5种浓度下对土壤微生物种群数量及土壤中细菌、放线菌、真菌生长速率的影响。结果表明,在供试浓度下,该除草剂对土壤微生物的种群数量及土壤中细菌、放线菌和真菌生长速率均具有一定的抑制作用。并随药剂浓度的升高抑制作用逐渐增强。加药后2～7d,对细菌种群数量的抑制率为17．5％～100％,抑菌圈直径达0.07～0．87cm;对放线菌种群数量的抑制率为2．1％～100％,抑菌圈直径达0～0．83cm;对真菌种群数量的抑制率为9.9％～100％,生长速率的抑制率达7．3％～85．7％。随着加药时间的延长,对土壤微生物的抑制作用又逐渐减弱。     

食(药)用真菌多糖研究进展

综述了食(药)用真菌多糖的提取工艺、化学结构、生物活性以及食(药)用真菌多糖产品的开发现状,展望了 食(药)用真菌多糖的研发前景。     

Determination of water quality variables, endotoxin concentration, and Enterobacteriaceae concentration and identification in southern High Plains dairy lagoons

The objectives of this study were to determine the concentration of endotoxin, determine 20 water quality variables, and identify and enumerate fungal and bacterial pathogens from United States southern High Plains dairy lagoons and control lakes during summer and winter. Water samples were collected in triplicate from the north, south, east, and west quadrants of each body of water. The mean (± SEM) winter dairy lagoon endotoxin concentration was significantly higher (9,678 ± 1,834 ng/mL) than the summer concentration (3,220 ± 810 ng/mL). The mean endotoxin concentration of the 2 control lakes (summer: 58.1 ± 8.8 ng/mL; winter: 38.6 ± 4.2 ng/mL) was significantly less than that of the dairy lagoons. Two hundred-one Salmonella enterica spp. isolates were identified, 7 serovars were recovered from the dairy lagoons, and 259 Salmonella ssp. were identified from 5 other dairy locations (milk barn, ditch effluent, settling basin, feed alley pad flush, and center pivots). Twenty-eight Salmonella spp. were identified from center pivot water. Escherichia coli O157:H7 pathogens were isolated from other dairy locations but not from lagoons. Neither Salmonella spp. nor E. coli O157:H7 were identified from control lakes. Enterobacteriaceae opportunistic pathogens were isolated from both dairies and control lakes. Important mesophilic and thermophilic catabolic (to manure biosolids) fungal isolates were identified from dairy effluent locations, but no thermophilic fungal isolates were cultured from the control lakes. Adequate curing of green forage following center pivot irrigation is important to kill lagoon water enteric pathogens, even though the lagoon water is mixed with fresh water. Recirculating lagoon water to flush the feed alley pad, where cows stand while eating, to remove manure and using lagoon water to abate dairy dust in loafing pens and unimproved dairy roads is inconsistent with good environmental practice management.     

生物技术在造纸工业废水中的应用

白腐菌是一种有效处理造纸工业废水的丝状真菌,它可以通过其分泌的特殊的降解酶系降解废水中的污染物。本文综述了目前国际上生物技术――微生物(白腐菌)在造纸工业废水中的应用,阐述了白腐菌的生物学特性及其对造纸废水中木素、有机氯化物的降解和脱色的国内外研究和应用,并对其机理作了分析和探讨。