From ethnographic record to system design

This paper explores the issues involved in moving from ethnographic explorations of work in context to a practical contribution to system design. It does so using the example of an interdisciplinary research project involving sociologists and computer scientists in the domain of air traffic control systems. It forms a pair with another paper (Sommerville et al., 1992) exploring these questions from the perspective of our computer science partners. We characterise ethnography as a research method, and consider the differences between undertaking it for strictly sociological or anthropological purposes by contrast with interdisciplinary and design purposes. We summarise some of our results in ethnographic explications of the work of air traffic controllers, and the sociality which it manifests. We describe the dialogues involved in rendering these observations informative for systems design, and the mutual translations implied in attempting to reconcile sociological with software engineering questions about supporting the work. We conclude by specifying some features of cooperative work which an engineering approach is in danger of overlooking; the ways, and limits, in which ethnographers can form a bridge between users and designers; and some of the conflicts of interest entrained in generating technical change.The research is funded by the UK MRC/SERC/ESRC Cognitive Science/HCI Initiative with the title Social Analysis of Control Systems for HCI Design, grant number SPG 8931598. The computer science partners are Professor Ian Sommerville, Dr Tom Rodden, Dr Pete Sawyer and Mr Richard Bentley. Thanks are due to Val King, Kjeldt Schmidt, Ian Sommerville and Tom Rodden for very helpful comments on earlier drafts of this paper.     

高温眼镜阀的创新研究与应用

转炉煤气干法除尘工艺是钢铁企业重要的节能降耗先进技术,眼镜阀是与之配套的关键设备,近年来,转炉煤气干法除尘工艺眼镜阀配置大部分采用从国外引进,费用高。文章基于TRIZ理论和方法,对转炉煤气干法除尘工艺眼镜阀进行了深入的研究,并在高温密封、液压控制、阀门自动复位等方面采用了新的方法。创新成果成功地应用于首钢京唐炼钢工程,促进了转炉煤气干法除尘工艺技术的推广。     

探析产品设计中的“绿色设计”

由于环境的恶化、自然资源的有限和过度开采,倡导环境和资源保护的绿色设计必将成为今后产品设计的主流之一;社会的可持续发展的要求预示着"绿色设计"将成为现代产品设计的重要思想。然而多数人对绿色设计真正含义并不十分明确。本文就绿色设计的具体含义作了具体的分析,并把绿色设计的内容和趋势进行了新的总结和拓展。     

基于JAVAEE的工作流引擎设计的探究

工作流系统作为办公自动化软件重要组成部分,其不仅能将企业相应数据有效的和网络连接起来,同时也能将之前单独的计算机个体组成一个有机的并能自动化运行的网络系统,以便为企业提供更多信息,为企业更好的服务。就目前来看,工作流系统不仅仅在办公自动化软件中应用,在其他生产销售领域也得到了广泛应用。但是这种工作流数据在一定程度上还处于运转过程中,而新的基于JAVAEE工作流引擎程序在目前不同企业使用中,其效果还是比较可观的。本文主要从工作流管理系统概念及构成、JAVAEE技术概况、基于JAVAEE工作流引擎的设计等方面,对基于JAVAEE的工作流引擎设计进行相应探讨。     

纯电动汽车太阳能辅助空调控制系统的硬件设计

纯电动汽车车载动力电池是其唯一的动力源且很有限,辅助设备消耗的电能减少了纯电动汽车的续驶里程,尤其是空调,所以开发高效的纯电动汽车空调系统是纯电动汽车能够被市场接受的关键。将纯电动汽车顶盖布满太阳电池,可以使空调系统的制冷能力增强,同时还能增加纯电动汽车的行驶距离。对小型纯电动汽车的太阳能辅助空调系统进行研究,设计出适合该空调的自动控制系统,可为纯电动汽车创造出一个更加舒适的驾驶和乘座环境。     

The need and prospects for improved fusion reactors

Conceptual fusion reactor studies over the past 10–15 yr have projected systems that may be too large, complex, and costly to be of commercial interest. One main direction for improved fusion reactors points toward smaller, higher-power-density approaches. First-order economic issues (i.e., unit direct cost and cost of electricity) are used to support the need for more compact fusion reactors. The results of a number of recent conceptual designs of reversed-field pinch, spheromak, and tokamak fusion reactors are summarized as examples of more compact approaches. While a focus has been placed on increasing the fusion-power-core mass power density beyond the minimum economic threshold of 100–200 kWe/tonne, other means by which the overall attractiveness of fusion as a long-term energy source are also addressed.Nomenclature a Plasma minor radius at outboard equatorial plane (m) - A Plasma aspect ratioR _T /a - AC Annual charges ($/yr) - b Plasma minor radius in vertical direction (m) - B Magentic field at plasma or blanket (T) - B _c Magnetic field at the coil (T) - B Toroidal magnetic field (T) - B Poloidal magnetic field (T) - BOP Balance of plant - C Coil - COE Cost of electricity (mills/kWeh) - CRFPR Compact RFP reactor - CT Compact torus (FRC or spheromak) - c _FPC Unit cost of fusion power core ($/kg) - DC Direct cost ($) - DZP Dense Z-pinch - E Escalation rate (1/yr) - EDC Escalation during construction ($) - ET Elongated tokamak - F Annual fuel charges ($/yr) - FC Component of UDC not strongly dependent or FPC size ($/kWe) - FW First wall - FPC Fusion power core - f _Aux Fraction of gross electric power recirculated to BOP - f ₁ (IC+IDC+EDC)/DC - f ₂ (O&M + SCR + F)/AC - IC Indirect cost ($) - IDC Interest during construction ($) - I _w Neutron first-wall loading (MW/m²) - i Toroidal plasma current (MA) - j Plasma current density, I/a² - k _B Boltzmann constant, 1.602(10)^–16 (J/keV) - LWR Light-water (fission) reactor - MPD Mass power density 1000P_E/M_FPC (kWe/tonne) - M _N Blanket energy multiplication of 14.1-MeV neutron energy - M _FPC Mass of fusion power core (tonne) - n Plasma density (m^–3) or toroidal MHD mode number - O&M Annual operating and maintenance cost ($/yr) - p _f Plant availability factor - PFD Poloidal field dominated (CTs, RFP, DZP) - P Construction time (yr) - P_TH Thermal power (MWt) - P _E Net electric power (1-)P _ET (MWe) - P_ET Total gross electric power (MWe) - p_f Fusion power (MW) - q Tokamak safety factor (B /B _gq )(a/R _T ) - q _e EngineeringQ value, 1/e - R _T Major toroidal radius (m) - RFP Reversed-field pinch - RPE Reactor plant equipment (Account 22) - S Shield - SCR Annual spare component cost ($/yr) - SSR Second stability region for the tokamak - S/T/H Stellarator/torsatron/heliotron - ST Spherical tokamak or spherical torus - T Plasma temperature (keV) - TDC Total direct cost ($) - TOC Total overnight cost ($) - UDC Unit direct cost,TDC/10 ³ P _E ($/kWe) - V _p Plasma volume (m³) - W _p Plasma energy (GJ) - W _B Magnetic field energy (GJ) - Magnetic utilization efficiency, 2nk_BT/(B ²/2₀) - ₀ Permeability of free space, 4(10)^–7 H/m - XE Plasma confinement efficiency, a²/4_E - _e Plasma energy confinement time - _p Overall plant efficiency, _TH(1-) - _TH Thermal conversion efficiency - _FPC AverageFPC mass density (tonne/m³) - Plasma vertical elongation factor,b/a - Thickness of allFPC engineering structure surround plasma (m) - Total recirculating power fraction, (P _ET-P _E)/P _ET, or inverse aspect ratioa/R _T This work was performed under the auspices of USDOE, Office of Fusion Energy.     

基于演化算法的奇偶校验器自动设计*

基于演化算法技术,提出一种新的设计思想,实现奇偶校验器的电路自动设计.实验证明,多目标演化算法具有较少的运算量和较高的效率,能自动设计出使用逻辑门数更少、延时更小的奇偶校验器.     

Enabling factors toward production of nanostructured steel on an industrial scale

Utilizing the existing properties of steel, a modern technological society has been constructed. While there are over 25,000 worldwide equivalent steels based on manipulating the eutectoid transformation, there exist only a handful of commercial nanostructured steel alloys based on manipulating the more complex glass devitrification transformation. Thus, research on nanostructured steels is in its infancy, and many further developments are expected with the demonstrated promise of developing new combinations of superior properties. In this article, seven enabling metallurgical factors are presented that ultimately allow a variety of nanostructured steel products to be produced in an ever-increasing array of industrial processing techniques. Additionally, a case example of the formation of nanostructured steel are given showing how these factors can be harnessed on an industrial scale.     

少片渐变刚度钢板弹簧的优化设计与计算

讨论了渐变刚度钢板弹簧的载荷、变形量、刚度和应力的计算，建立了少片渐变刚度钢板弹簧的优化数学模型，利用MATLAB优化工具箱进行优化，并给出了计算实例。     

水性聚氨酯材料配方设计技巧

介绍了优选法的0.618法和分数法,对其进行改进创新和原理证明,并应用于生产涂料配方设计中。