A/O SBR中同步硝化反硝化除磷颗粒污泥的富集

以聚糖菌颗粒污泥为接种污泥，在厌氧／好氧SBR中成功富集了具有同步硝化反硝化除磷效果的颗粒污泥。结果表明，培养过程中，污泥总磷含量、厌氧释磷量及磷酸盐去除率的提高表明反应器中聚磷菌逐渐替代聚糖菌成为优势菌种；培养末期颗粒污泥的粒径为600～1000μm，SVI为48mL／g，有机物主要在厌氧阶段被去除并以胞内聚合物（PHB）的形式储存，厌氧阶段对TOC的去除率为87％，对TOC的总去除率为90％，对磷酸盐的去除率为95．6％；氮的去除是在好氧条件下经同步硝化反硝化完成的，且PHB为主要的反硝化碳源，对氨氮的去除率为99．3％，对总氮的去除率为85．5％。     

A Murine Monoclonal Antibody to Glycogen: Characterization of Epitope‐Fine Specificity by Saturation Transfer Difference (STD) NMR Spectroscopy and Its Use in Mycobacterial Capsular α‐Glucan Research

Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of tuberculosis (TB), is a major pathogen responsible for 1.5 million deaths annually. This bacterium is characterized by a highly unusual and impermeable cell envelope, which plays a key role in mycobacterial survival and virulence. Although many studies have focused on the composition and functioning of the mycobacterial cell envelope, the capsular α‐glucan has received relatively minor attention. Here we show that a murine monoclonal antibody (Mab) directed against glycogen cross‐reacts with mycobacterial α‐glucans, polymers of α(1–4)‐linked glucose residues with α(1–6)‐branch points. We identified the Mab epitope specificity by saturation transfer difference NMR and show that the α(1–4)‐linked glucose residues are important in glucan–Mab interaction. The minimal epitope is formed by (linear) maltotriose. Notably, a Mycobacterium mutant lacking the branching enzyme GlgB does not react with the Mab; this suggests that the α(1–6)‐branches form part of the epitope. These seemingly conflicting data can be explained by the fact that in the mutant the linear form of the α‐glucan (amylose) is insoluble. This Mab was subsequently used to develop several techniques helpful in capsular α‐glucan research. By using a capsular glucan‐screening methodology based on this Mab we were able to identify several unknown genes involved in capsular α‐glucan biogenesis. Additionally, we developed two methods for the detection of capsular α‐glucan levels. This study therefore opens new ways to study capsular α‐glucan and to identify possible targets for further research.     

IKKγ/NEMO Localization into Multivesicular Bodies

The NF-κB pathway is central pathway for inflammatory and immune responses, and IKKγ/NEMO is essential for NF-κB activation. In a previous report, we identified the role of glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) in NF-κB activation by regulating IKKγ/NEMO. Here, we show that NEMO phosphorylation by GSK-3β leads to NEMO localization into multivesicular bodies (MVBs). Using the endosome marker Rab5, we observed localization into endosomes. Using siRNA, we identified the AAA-ATPase Vps4A, which is involved in recycling the ESCRT machinery by facilitating its dissociation from endosomal membranes, which is necessary for NEMO stability and NF-κB activation. Co-immunoprecipitation studies of NEMO and mutated NEMO demonstrated its direct interaction with Vps4A, which requires NEMO phosphorylation. The transfection of cells by a mutated and constitutively active form of Vps4A, Vps4A-E233Q, resulted in the formation of large vacuoles and strong augmentation in NEMO expression compared to GFP-Vps4-WT. In addition, the overexpression of the mutated form of Vps4A led to increased NF-κB activation. The treatment of cells with the pharmacologic V-ATPase inhibitor bafilomycin A led to a dramatic downregulation of NEMO and, in this way, inhibited NF-κB signal transduction. These results reveal an unexpected role for GSK-3β and V-ATPase in NF-κB signaling activation.     

马苏大马哈鱼籽营养成分分析及其卵磷脂对胰岛素抵抗的改善作用

从氨基酸组成、矿物质含量、维生素和卵磷脂含量等角度分析大马哈鱼(Oncorhynchus keta)和马苏大马哈鱼(Oncorhynchus masou)鱼籽的基本营养组成,并通过构建胰岛素抵抗HepG2肝细胞模型,以葡萄糖吸收水平为指标,研究马苏大马哈鱼籽来源的卵磷脂对HepG2细胞胰岛素抵抗的改善效果.结果表明:马...     

哈蟆油发酵乳对小鼠缓解体力疲劳能力的影响

目的:研究哈蟆油发酵乳缓解体力疲劳的作用。方法:选用雌性昆明种小鼠,设空白对照组及低、中、高3个剂量组,通过负重游泳实验及测定小鼠血清尿素氮含量、肝糖原含量及全血乳酸含量考察哈蟆油发酵乳药理活性。结果:负重游泳实验结果阳性,血乳酸、血清尿素氮2项生化指标阳性,肝糖原实验结果阴性。结论:哈蟆油发酵乳具有缓解体力疲劳的作用。     

近冰点下牛骨骼肌糖原、pH值、失水率变化及相关性研究

试验以30头牛为研究对象,对宰后经电刺激并在近冰点温度(1～-1℃)下贮藏的牛骨骼肌肉(Longissimusdorsi,LD)的糖原含量、pH值、失水率进行了测试,结果表明,宰后10d内糖原含量、pH值、失水率在第1～3天变化幅度明显,之后几天变化趋于平缓,10d中上述指标的变化均在α=0.01的检验水平下差异极显著。糖原含量与pH值呈负相关,相关系数(r=-0.24351)在α=0.05水平下显著、pH值与失水率呈负相关,相关系数(r=-0.67314)在α=0.01水平下极显著;糖原含量与失水率相关系数在α=0.05水平下不显著。     

宰后肉成熟过程中的风味变化

介绍宰后肉在成熟过程中风味的变化,分别阐述肌糖原、蛋白质、脂类、核苷酸等几类化合物对肉风味的贡献.生肉很少有香味.并且只具有一种类似血腥的味道,但在宰后肉成熟的过程中所产生的丰富的具有味觉属性的化合物.以及香味的前提物质和风味增强剂对肉的感官性质产生巨大影响.     

金钗石斛多糖对小鼠抗疲劳能力的作用

目的：研究金钗石斛水溶性、碱溶性和酸溶性多糖对小鼠抗疲劳能力的影响。方法：对照组每天以蒸馏水灌胃,实验组以500mg/(kg·d)金钗石斛多糖灌胃,连续4周后进行强迫性游泳实验,测定小鼠游泳时间和游泳后甘油三酯、血糖、血乳酸、血氨和糖原等生化指标变化。结果：与蒸馏水相比,金钗石斛多糖,特别是碱溶性多糖可显著廷长游泳时间,提高血糖和甘油三酯含量并降低血乳酸和血氨含量,降低游泳后肝糖原及肌糖原的消耗。结论：金钗石斛多糖通过增加脂肪利用以及延缓乳酸和氨的积累达到抗疲劳作用。     

Functional interrelationships between carbohydrate and lipid storage,and mitochondrial activity during sporulation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

In Saccharomyces cerevisiae under conditions of nutrient stress, meiosis precedes the formation of spores. Although the molecular mechanisms that regulate meiosis, such as meiotic recombination and nuclear divisions, have been extensively studied, the metabolic factors that determine the efficiency of sporulation are less understood. Here, we have directly assessed the relationship between metabolic stores and sporulation in S. cerevisiae by genetically disrupting the synthetic pathways for the carbohydrate stores, glycogen (gsy1/2Δ cells), trehalose (tps1Δ cells), or both (gsy1/2Δ and tps1Δ cells). We show that storage carbohydrate-deficient strains are highly inefficient in sporulation. Although glycogen and trehalose stores can partially compensate for each other, they have differential effects on sporulation rate and spore number. Interestingly, deletion of the G₁ cyclin, CLN3, which resulted in an increase in cell size, mitochondria and lipid stores, partially rescued meiosis progression and spore ascus formation but not spore number in storage carbohydrate-deficient strains. Sporulation efficiency in the carbohydrate-deficient strain exhibited a greater dependency on mitochondrial activity and lipid stores than wild-type yeast. Taken together, our results provide new insights into the complex crosstalk between metabolic factors that support gametogenesis.