Demonstrating the effect of vertical and directional shear for resource mapping of wind power

The use of wind energy is growing around the world, and its growth is set to continue into the foreseeable future. Estimates of the wind speed and power are helpful to assess the potential of new sites for development and to facilitate electric grid integration studies. In the present paper, wind speed and power resource mapping analyses are performed. These resource mappings are produced on a 13 km, hourly model grid over the entire continental USA for the years of 2006–2014. The effects of the rotor equivalent wind speed (REWS) along with directional shear are investigated. The total dataset (wind speed and power) contains ≈152,000 model grid points, with each location containing ≈78,000 hourly time steps. The resource mapping and dataset are created from analysis fields, which are output from an advanced weather assimilation model. Two different methods were used to estimate the wind speed over the rotor swept area (with rotor diameter of 100 m). First, using a single wind speed at hub height (80 m) and, second, the REWS with directional shear. The demonstration study shows that in most locations the incorporation of the REWS reduces the average available wind power. In addition, the REWS technique estimates more wind power production at night and less production in the day compared with the hub height technique; potentially critical for siting new wind turbines and plants. However, the wind power estimate differences are dependent on seasonality, diurnal cycle and geographic location. More research is warranted into these effects to determine the level at which these features are observed at actual wind plants.© 2015 The Authors. Wind Energy published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

汽车密封型材低摩擦系数涂料的研制

在提高汽车门窗活动部件的密封性能上，国外厂家提出采用先进的低摩擦系数涂料以代替目前使用的静电植绒，此课题在国内尚属新的领域。本文介绍对此进行的研究情况及经试验取得的结果。     

玻璃表面微结构的构建及其雾度和亲疏水性的调节

目的 提高蒙砂玻璃的雾度以及调控其表面的亲疏水性.方法 通过在酸蚀液中添加不同浓度的KCl,可控调节蒙砂玻璃表面微纳结构,并利用光学轮廓仪对表面形貌和粗糙度进行表征分析.通过分光光度仪对蒙砂玻璃的雾度、透过率进行测试,并使用接触角测量仪对其亲疏水性进行分析评价.结果 通过调节酸蚀液中KCl的加入量,得到具有不同表面微结构及表面粗糙度的蒙砂玻璃.酸蚀液中KCl的加入,可以实现不损失玻璃透过率的同时,将蒙砂玻璃的雾度提高1个数量级,从4.23％提高至73.11％.酸蚀液中加入质量分数20％的KCl,可实现蒙砂玻璃表面较好的亲水性,接触角达20.9°,而玻璃原片的接触角仅为47.5°.在蒙砂玻璃表面涂覆十三氟辛基三乙氧基硅烷,100℃下热处理30 min,可实现蒙砂玻璃较强的疏水性,对水的接触角达到124.3°.结论 酸蚀液中加入KCl可以实现酸蚀蒙砂玻璃表面微结构的构建,并且通过控制KCl的加入量,提高蒙砂玻璃的透过率和雾度,实现较好的亲水性.用低表面能物质十三氟辛基三乙氧基硅烷成功对具有一定表面微结构的蒙砂玻璃进行修饰,将蒙砂玻璃由亲水性变为较强的疏水性.     

湿敏电容传感器在气象领域中应用的分析研究

本文从高湿性能、湿度特性和时间稳定性几个方面分析研究了应用在气象领域的三种湿敏电容传感器的性能，提出了应用于气象常规观测领域的湿度传感器必须进行的六项基本试验及试验方法。     

LLDPE透明农用地膜专用树脂的生产

在不改变装置聚合工艺条件下,添加自行研制的透明线型低密度聚乙烯专用复合助剂,工业化生产了线型低密度聚乙烯透明农用地膜专用树脂DFDA9042。DFDA9042的薄膜雾度小于12％,拉伸强度、断裂伸长率符合设计要求。在用户加工应用中,分别生产了4,8,12μm的农用地膜,薄膜的力学性能完全满足国家标准要求。     

瓶坯发雾现象分析及对策

瓶级切片在下游注塑吹瓶过程中经常会出现发雾现象,严重影响瓶的外观和下游产量的提升。解释了瓶坯发雾的结晶原理,多方面分析造成瓶坯发雾的原因,并从聚合工艺、固相缩聚工艺、下游吹瓶工艺等方面提出了所采取的对策。     

An evaluation of the effects of various parameter weights on typical meteorological years used for building energy simulation

In this paper, we evaluate the influence of different parameter weights in creating “typical year” weather data following the typical meteorological year (TMY) methodology, by studying two sets of 3600 alternate weather files created using different parameter weights for Beijing (China) and New York City (USA). A “typical year” weather file consists of twelve distinctive months, each considered typical for that month of the year. Such a typical month, named “typical meteorological month (TMM),” is commonly identified by using a certain combination of parameter weights, such as 4:4:4:12, for dry bulb temperature, dew point temperature, wind speed, and solar radiation as in the TMY weather files developed by US National Climate Data Center (NCDC), or 4:4:2:10 in the newer TMY2 and TMY3 weather files developed by National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). In this study, we investigate the influence of varying the parameter weights on the TMMs and the resultant new TMY weather files (nTMY). We found that the distribution of new 3600 TMMs tend to cluster within one or a few years for each month, and that the probabilities are very high for significant overlap between the new TMMs and the original TMMs chosen using the TMY/TMY2 weighting. Compared to the TMM data in TMY, the deviations of air temperatures and solar radiation values of the new TMMs and nTMYs derived from the 20-year weather data are less than 10% for both Beijing and New York. This confirms that the creation of “typical year” weather data is not very sensitive to the weighting of the different weather parameters, and that most nTMYs created and evaluated in this study are empirically close to the TMY data intended for use of simulating building energy consumption.     

气象数据缺测条件下参照腾发量的计算方法

利用河北雄县和望都两气象站的数据，对FAO推荐的气象数据缺测时参照腾发量的计算方法进行了检验和评价，分析了参照腾发量对各气象要素的敏感性，提出了在气象数据缺测条件下适应我国北方平原区气候条件的参照腾发量的计算方法。     

连铸连轧过程中SPA-H钢板表面的氧化锈蚀

利用光学显微镜、扫描电镜、能谱和XRD衍射物相分析等手段,研究了SPA-H钢经连铸连轧后表面黄色锈斑的形成原因.结果表明,黄色锈斑的外层主要由Fe2O3、里层由FeO组成,在钢板表面呈条带状分布;而无黄色锈斑的钢板表面主要是由FeO组成.黄色锈斑是由于在轧制过程中,钢表面的高温氧化产物（FeO）破裂,在随后的冷却过程中破裂处特别是裂纹的尖端形成大量的Fe2O3所致,高温氧化产物FeO的应变速率和该氧化膜的横向生长比较高,高温氧化膜开裂后,裂纹不能自愈,较低温度时合金表面发生了线性氧化.     

区域自动气象站常见故障及维修方法

区域自动气象站当中的设施设备是否可以正常、稳定运行,不仅会直接决定气象监测工作质量,同时还会形成严重的经济损失。对此,为了更好地保障气象监测工作质量,文章简要分析区域自动气象站常见故障及维修方法,希望可以为相关工作者提供理论帮助。