Simulation of shale gas transport and production with complex fractures using embedded discrete fracture model

The goal of this study is to develop a new model to simulate gas and water transport in shale nanopores and complex fractures. A new gas diffusivity equation was first derived to consider multiple important physical mechanisms such as gas desorption, gas slippage and diffusion, and non‐Darcy flow. For complex fractures, a state‐of‐the‐art embedded discrete fracture model (EDFM) was implemented. Numerical model is verified against a commercial reservoir simulator for shale gas simulation with multiple planar fractures. After that, a series of simulation studies was performed to investigate the impacts of complex gas transport mechanisms and various fracture geometries on well performance. The critical parameters controlling well performance are identified. The simulation results reveal that modeling of gas production from complex fractures as well as modeling important gas transport mechanisms in shale gas reservoirs is extremely significant. © 2018 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 64: 2251–2264, 2018     

Genome-Wide Investigation of Multifocal and Unifocal Prostate Cancer—Are They Genetically Different?

Prostate cancer is widely observed to be biologically heterogeneous. Its heterogeneity is manifested histologically as multifocal prostate cancer, which is observed more frequently than unifocal prostate cancer. The clinical and prognostic significance of either focal cancer type is not fully established. To investigate prostate cancer heterogeneity, the genetic profiles of multifocal and unifocal prostate cancers were compared. Here, we report observations deduced from tumor-tumor comparison of copy number alteration data of both focal categories. Forty-one fresh frozen prostate cancer foci from 14 multifocal prostate cancers and eight unifocal prostate cancers were subjected to copy number variation analysis with the Affymetrix SNP 6.0 microarray tool. With the investigated cases, tumors obtained from a single prostate exhibited different genetic profiles of variable degrees. Further comparison identified no distinct genetic pattern or signatures specific to multifocal or unifocal prostate cancer. Our findings suggest that samples obtained from multiple sites of a single unifocal prostate cancer show as much genetic heterogeneity and variability as separate tumors obtained from a single multifocal prostate cancer.     

水基钻井液用阳离子型封堵剂的合成及性能

以苯乙烯（St）、丙烯酸丁酯（BA）及阳离子可聚合单体,利用乳液聚合方法制备水基钻井液用阳离子型封堵剂,采用红外光谱分析了封堵剂的结构特点。泥球浸泡实验结果表明,质量分数为5.0%的阳离子型封堵剂乳液和饱和盐水抑制黏土水化性能相当。评价了阳离子型封堵剂对CaC12无土相钻井液性能的影响。结果表明,加入质量分数为2.0%的阳离子型封堵剂,可将CaC12质量分数为25.0%的无土相钻井液的高温高压滤失量（120～130 ℃）控制在10.0 mL左右。     

螺栓法兰系统连接可靠性分析方法

考虑系统内零件间的失效相关机理,提出了螺栓法兰连接系统的动态可靠性和失效率模型,指出了传统静态可靠性模型无法精确描述螺栓法兰系统可靠性和失效率的动态特征,并通过算例分析了失效相关对系统可靠性和失效率的影响。结果表明,失效相关对系统可靠性具有较大影响,零件相互独立假设可能引起系统可靠性分析的较大误差;传统恒定失效率假设可能低估系统可靠度;螺栓数量的增加可以增强系统抵抗失效风险能力。     

吉林通化地区光华岩群斜长角闪岩变质作用特征及其构造意义

位于华北板块北缘的吉林通化地区光华岩群双庙岩组地层中存在一套斜长角闪岩,其是构成前寒武纪变质基底的主要变质岩之一。该斜长角闪岩的原岩主要为亚碱性玄武岩,可能形成于岛弧构造环境。该斜长角闪岩共经历了3个阶段变质作用,分别为进变质阶段、峰期变质阶段、退变质阶段。进变质阶段矿物组合为石榴石₁+普通角闪石₁+斜长石₁(An牌号为13~16)+石英（Gt₁+Hbl₁+Pl₁+Q）,温度和压力范围分别为544 ℃~555 ℃和4.7~5.2 kbar;峰期变质阶段矿物组合为石榴石₂+普通角闪石₂+ 斜长石₂(An牌号为28~31)+钛铁矿₂+黑云母₂+石英（Gt₂+Hbl₂+Pl₂+Ilm₂+Bt₂+Q）,温度和压力范围分别为655 ℃~673 ℃和8.1~8.8 kbar;退变质阶段矿物组合为石榴石₃+绿泥石+直闪石+普通角闪石₃+黑云母₃+钛铁矿₃+斜长石₃(Au牌号为16~18)+石英（Gt₃+Chl+Ath+Hbl₃+Bt₃+Ilm₃+Pl₃+Q）,温度和压力范围分别为546 ℃~557 ℃和7.9~8.3 kbar。斜长角闪岩的变质演化过程呈现为近等压冷却(IBC)型的逆时针变质作用压力（P）-温度（T）轨迹。该地区经历了从太古宙—古元古代原大洋→碰撞造山→造山后拉伸→岩浆底侵作用的构造演化过程。     

植物次级代谢物的多样性及其在细胞培养中的调控研究进展

介绍了一个有趣的植物细胞次级代谢物多样性的课题，综述了植物细胞培养中次级代谢产物多样性的调控。作为典型事例，特别对三七细胞培养中诱导荆如何影响皂苷的生物合成，结合本实验室的最近研究结果，进行了阐述；并就诱导剂在信号传导途径中的作用进行了探讨。无疑这样的多学科交叉研究是当今生物化工学科的发展趋势。     

废轮胎热解再生炭黑表面活性

为克服废轮胎常压热解再生炭黑(PC)表面碳质沉积物过多、表面活性差和不适于橡胶补强应用等缺点,本文以反相气相色谱法为分析手段,分别通过硝酸酸洗和硬脂酸-硝酸酸洗等方法改性处理PC,以期改善PC结构和提高其表面性能,继而改善PC填充天然橡胶硫化胶的机械性能.系统地考察了未改性PC以及硝酸酸洗改性热解炭黑(WPC)、硬脂酸-硝酸酸洗改性热解炭黑(SWPC)表面能色散分量、极性分量、热力学函数变化以及炭黑表面不同活性点的能量分布情况,并考察了改性处理对热解炭黑填充天然橡胶硫化胶机械性能的影响.实验结果表明,硝酸酸洗改性在炭黑表面引入较多的羟基和羧基等官能团,导致其表面能过高,不利于天然橡胶补强.而在硝酸酸洗基础上,通过加入硬脂酸再改性后,可以减少炭黑颗粒之间的团聚,降低表面能,改善炭黑在硫化胶中的分散性.通过硫化胶机械性能测试实验发现,与PC和WPC相比,填充SWPC的天然橡胶具有较高的拉伸强度、扯断伸长率、300%定伸应力,能基本达到半补强炭黑的应用标准.     

Microstructural modeling approach applied to rock material

The importance of the microstructural parameters in rock mechanical behavior has been investigated by several authors. Moreover, the Weibull statistical model has been used to characterize the heterogeneity of several materials on the basis of the concept that the microscopic defects within the material determine their mechanical strength. The modeling of different rocks is a topic that is fundamental for the prediction of rock fragmentation. In this article, the analysis of rock microstructure is performed using the microstructural modeling approach, which consists of the simplification, quantification, and modeling of the main properties of rock microstructure. The grain size, grain shape, and microcracks are modeled by means of statistical density functions, namely, Cauchy, chi-squared, exponential, extreme value, gamma, Laplace, normal, uniform, and Weibull. It is found that the Weibull distribution is the most appropriate statistical model of the grain size and grain shape, when compared with the other eight statistical models. Regarding microcracks, the results show that the gamma distribution is the most appropriate model. The Weibull and gamma distributions are then used to analyze the heterogeneity of the microstructure. This is done by comparison of the statistical models of each microstructural property evaluated in several thin sections of the same rock. It is found that with respect to grain size and grain shape, the rock is homogeneous, while the size distribution of the microcracks shows a clear trend toward less homogeneity. The microstructural modeling approach is important for modeling, characterizing, and analyzing the microstructure of rock material. Among other applications, it can be used to explain differences in the mechanical behavior obtained in testing several specimens.     

Boson peak and structural heterogeneity in ternary SiO2-Al2O3-B2O3 glasses

We use low-temperature heat capacity, low-frequency Raman scattering, and THz time domain spectroscopy in order to scale the vibrational density of states and the Boson peak in SiO₂-Al₂O₃-B₂O₃ Yb-laser host glasses. When substituting B₂O₃ for SiO₂ at constant Al₂O₃ dopant level, we find an optimal value for the ratio of B/Al in terms of mixture stability, at which the excess in the electron donor capability of Al₂O₃ (relative to the SiO₂ backbone) is compensated by the more acidic B₂O₃. At this composition, Al₂O₃ plays a mediating role in the structure of aluminoborosilicate glasses, facilitating dissolution of Yb₂O₃ and admixture of B₂O₃ into the SiO₂ network.