四唑嘧磺隆水分散粒剂在稻田环境中的残留动态

为评价除草剂四唑嘧磺隆在水稻上使用后的残留动态及环境安全性，在北京海淀区进行了50％四唑嘧磺隆水分散粒剂在水稻上的残留动态和最终残留试验研究。样品经丙酮提取抽滤后，再经液液分配及氧化铝柱净化、浓缩、定容后，用紫外检测器的液相色谱进行测定。其有效成分四唑嘧磺隆的最低检出量为0．02ng，在稻田水、土壤、鲜植株、稻壳、糙米样品中的平均回收率为82．4％-105．0％，变异系数为1．1％～14．1％，符合农药残留分析的要求。结果表明：四唑嘧磺隆在水稻植株上的半衰期为2．4d，在土壤巾的半衰期为5．5d，在稻田水中的半衰期为1．9d，施药后7d四唑嘧磺隆在水稻植株上的消解达到80％以上。50％四唑嘧磺隆水分散粒剂按80、120g／hm。使用，施药1次，收获时，四唑嘧磺降在糙米、稻壳、稻草、土壤中的残留量均未检出。     

Membrane degumming of crude rice bran oil: Pilot plant study

The procedure for the classical chemical refining of vegetable oils consists of degumming, alkali neutralization, bleaching, and deodorization. Conventional refining of rice bran oil using alkali gives oil of acceptable quality, but the refining losses are very high. A critical work has been carried out to study the application of membrane technology in the pretreatment of crude rice bran oil. Oils intended for physical refining should have a low phosphorus content, and this is not readily achievable by the conventional acid/water degumming process. The application of membrane technology for the pretreatment of rice bran oil has been investigated. The process has already been successfully applied to other vegetable oils. Ceramic membranes, which are important from the commercial point of view, were examined for this purpose. The results showed that the membrane‐filtered oils met the requirements of physical refining, with a substantial reduction in color. It was observed that most of the waxy material was also rejected. Experiments were carried out to establish the relationship between permeate flux and rejection with membrane pore size, trans‐membrane pressure and micellar solute concentration.     

Rice bran‐filled biodegradable low‐density polyethylene films: Development and characterization for packaging applications

Rice bran was incorporated into low‐density polyethylene (LDPE) at different concentrations by compounding in a twin‐screw extruder and blown into films of uniform thickness. The rice bran incorporation influenced physical, mechanical, barrier, optical, thermal properties, and biodegradation of LDPE. The mechanical and optical properties decreased as the percentage of rice bran increased. The effect of rice bran on the morphology of LDPE blends was examined using scanning electron microscopy. Oxygen transmission rate and water vapor transmission rate increased with the increased content of rice bran. Addition of rice bran did not alter the melting temperature (T_m) of the blends; however the thermal stability decreased, while glass transition temperature (T_g) increased. Kinetics of thermal degradation was also investigated and the activation energy for thermal degradation indicated that for up to 10% filler addition, the dispersion and interfacial adhesion of rice bran particles in LDPE was good. Aerobic biodegradation tests using municipal sewage sludge and biodegradation studies using specific microorganism (Streptomyces species) revealed that the films are biodegradable. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102: 4514–4522, 2006     

Lowland rice response to potassium fertilization and its effect on N and P uptake

Not much is known about the response of lowland rice to K fertilization under Brazilian conditions. A field experiment was conducted during four consecutive years to determine the response of three lowland rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars to K fertilization on a Low Humic Gley soil. In the first two years, K was broadcast at rates of 0, 42, 84, 126, and 168 kg K ha^–1. In the last two years K rates were reduced to 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100 kg K ha^–1 and applied in a band. Potassium significantly (P < 0.01) increased grain yields but the response varied from cultivar to cultivar and year to year. Yield responses to K fertilization were superimposed on a general trend of increasing grain yields across the four growing seasons. Mean grain yields increased 14.3% with broadcast application of K in the first two years and 10.4% with banded application of K in the last two years when compared to the control treatments. Extractable soil K increased with K application rate and decreased with soil depth. Potassium was rapidly removed from the soil and yearly broadcast or banded application of K can be expected to result in a significant increase in grain yield of lowland rice in these soils.     

米糠-硫酸直接浸锰工艺条件研究

以米糠及湘西软锰矿为原料,对米糠-硫酸直接浸锰制备硫酸锰的工艺条件进行了研究。结果表明,米糠-硫酸法浸锰的最佳工艺条件为:浸锰温度250℃,硫酸质量分数50%,浸锰时间75min,米糠用量为软锰矿粉质量的20%,硫酸用量为其理论用量的110%。按该工艺条件浸锰,锰的浸出率可达95%以上。该工艺具有能耗少、生产成本低、锰的浸出率高等优点,为软锰矿的开发利用开辟了一条新途径。     

Lipid hydrolysis and oxidation on the surface of milled rice

The changes in milled rice FFA content and composition and in conjugated diene (CD) content and bacterial, yeast, and mold counts were determined at 24, 37, and 50°C and 70% RH over 50 d. There was a rapid rate of FFA formation during the first few days of storage, which was optimal at 37°C, but that slowed after 2, 4, and 5 d at 37, 24, and 50°C, respectively. There was a second increase in FFA after about day 12 that increased with increasing temperature, indicating nonlipase hydrolysis. Linoleic and oleic acids were the main components of the total FFA produced on the surface of milled rice. The pattern of CD development followed that of FFA increase. Bacterial growth correlated with increased FFA levels after 12 d of storage, suggesting that bacterial lipase rather than bran lipase may be responsible for rice lipid hydrolysis     

从稻米糠中提取植酸的研究

介绍了从稻米糠中提取植酸的方法,研究了浸取溶液酸度、浸取时间对提取率的影响,找出了提取的最佳工艺条件,提取率达9%。     

秸秆黄腐酸包膜尿素在水稻上的应用效果

在石灰性土壤上进行田间小区试验，结果表明，秸秆黄腐酸包膜尿素能满足水稻生长最大效率期对营养的要求，有利于有效穗的分化，提高结实率。等氮量试验平均增产9．6％，等重量试验平均增产7．4％。     

Effect of granule size and the placement geometry on the efficiency of urea supergranules for wetland rice grown on a permeable soil

In a laboratory experiment 5 cm depth of water was allowed to percolate daily down through a 15 cm thick soil (Typic Ustipsamment) layer. It was observed that leaching losses of urea supergranules (USG)-N could be decreased by about 20% by the placement of four 0.25 g granules at four points instead of one 1 g granule at one point. In field microplots, the placement of approximately 30 granules of 0.30 g size instead of 9 granules of 1.00 g size resulted in reduced leaching of USG-N and, in turn, increased rice yield. In a follow-up field study, the advantage of more frequently placed USG was confirmed. As compared with 1 g USG placed in the usual manner in the center of four rice hills, increasing the density of placement in soil produced 15% more rice grain. Further increase in rice yield could be obtained by increasing the number of USG placed in the soil and decreasing the size of the granule from 1.00 g to 0.70 or 0.35 g. With USG of 0.35 and 0.70 g yields were equal or sometimes even slightly higher than with split application of prilled urea on a heavily percolating, low-CEC, light-textured soil.     

水稻全生育期应用腐植酸液肥的效果初报

腐植酸液肥——科力素(KLS)对水稻生长发育影响较大。试验表明,水稻苗床施用KLS明显刺激秧苗生长,处理区根长、根数、地上地下百株鲜重及带蘖率都好于对照区。不同生育时期喷施KLS,水稻发育加快,自返青期开始到成熟期都有不同程度提前,一般早熟3～5d。产量增加幅度为4.7%～21.1%,平均增产11.3%,亩增效37.44～204.48元,平均为99.2元,产投比约为12∶1。