Moving‐least‐squares‐particle hydrodynamics—I. Consistency and stability

The Smooth‐Particle‐Hydrodynamics (SPH) method is derived in a novel manner by means of a Galerkin approximation applied to the Lagrangian equations of continuum mechanics as in the finite‐element method. This derivation is modified to replace the SPH interpolant with the Moving‐Least‐Squares (MLS) interpolant of Lancaster and Saulkaskas, and define a new particle volume which ensures thermodynamic compatibility. A variable‐rank modification of the MLS interpolants which retains their desirable summation properties is introduced to remove the singularities that occur when divergent flow reduces the number of neighbours of a particle to less than the minimum required. A surprise benefit of the Galerkin SPH derivation is a theoretical justification of a common ad hoc technique for variable‐h SPH. The new MLSPH method is conservative if an anti‐symmetric quadrature rule for the stiffness matrix elements can be supplied. In this paper, a simple one‐point collocation rule is used to retain similarity with SPH, leading to a non‐conservative method. Several examples document how MLSPH renders dramatic improvements due to the linear consistency of its gradients on three canonical difficulties of the SPH method: spurious boundary effects, erroneous rates of strain and rotation and tension instability. Two of these examples are non‐linear Lagrangian patch tests with analytic solutions with which MLSPH agrees almost exactly. The examples also show that MLSPH is not absolutely stable if the problems are run to very long times. A linear stability analysis explains both why it is more stable than SPH and not yet absolutely stable and an argument is made that for realistic dynamic problems MLSPH is stable enough. The notion of coherent particles, for which the numerical stability is identical to the physical stability, is introduced. The new method is easily retrofitted into a generic SPH code and some observations on performance are made. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

低表面张力物系在规整填料塔中的传质性能

为了研究低表面张力物系在高比表面积的规整填料塔中的流体力学性能和传质性能,选用正庚烷-甲基环己烷物系,在内径400mm的不锈钢精馏塔中对Mellapak 500Y和750Y型规整填料进行全回流精馏实验。通过测定气相负荷从小到大直至液泛的过程,得到了不同操作条件下的压降、泛点气速、传质效率的数据,给定了操作的极限。结果表明:750Y填料的传质效率优于500Y填料,但稳定性比500Y填料差,处理量比500Y填料小。且实验中气相负荷递增变化时的传质效率略低于气相负荷递减变化时的传质效率。同时,为了考察传质效率随塔高的变化,填料塔在不同高度处设置了4个取样口,测定了不同取样口中样品的组成。通过分析传质效率随塔高的变化,阐述了不同负荷范围内气相总体积传质系数沿塔高的变化规律。     

气体分布方式对带列管内构件的鼓泡塔流动规律的影响

在带列管内构件的鼓泡塔内测量了4种不同布气方式下的气含率和液速径向分布,并与无列管内构件的空塔中的分布进行了比较。结果表明：中心布气条件下气含率与液速的径向分布比空塔更为陡峭;环隙及近壁布气时呈现出环隙高、两边低的马鞍形分布;均匀布气时径向分布较空塔更为平坦。空塔内气体分布器的影响是局部性的,充分发展段在塔内占主要部分;而在列管塔中气体分布器的影响是全局性的,气含率与液速的初始分布决定着其全塔分布。在带列管的大型鼓泡塔中难以观察到充分发展段的存在,因此,气体分布器的设计具有比空塔更为重要的意义     

新型垂直板规整填料流体力学及传质性能

采用氧解吸实验,在直径190 mm的有机玻璃塔内,液相喷淋密度10～38 m³·m^-2·h^-1,F因子0.2～3.2 m·s^-1·（kg·m^-3）^0.5的实验条件下测定了一种新型垂直板规整填料的流体力学及传质性能。实验结果表明：垂直板填料的操作压降及传质性能均显著优于商业波纹填料。通过与几种经改进的250型波纹填料相比发现,两者泛点F因子整体上相当;在较高液体喷淋密度下,垂直板填料传质性能及压降均高于改进250型波纹填料;在低喷淋密度下,垂直板填料可实现压降低于改进250型波纹填料,而两者传质性能相当。此外,对填料结构改进对其性能的影响进行了单因素考察。     

喷射式超重力旋转床的流体力学与传质性能的研究

采用空气-水物系和乙醇-水物系在喷射式超重力旋转床(简称喷射式旋转床)(转子直径为260mm,高45mm)中进行流体力学与传质性能实验,考察了F因子、喷淋密度和转子转速对喷射式旋转床压降和传质性能的影响。实验结果表明,喷射式旋转床压降随F因子、喷淋密度和转子转速的增加而增加;由实验数据回归得到压降关联式,干床压降的平均误差为8.7%,湿床压降的平均误差为10.5%;等板高度随转子转速和F因子的增加而减小,装有液体分布器时的等板高度比无液体分布器时的等板高度降低20%～50%。喷射式旋转床具有压降低和传质效率高的特点,尤其适用于高真空和热敏性物料的分离。     

Hydrodynamics of the double-wave structure of insect spermatozoa flagella

In addition to conventional planar and helical flagellar waves, insect sperm flagella have also been observed to display a double-wave structure characterized by the presence of two superimposed helical waves. In this paper, we present a hydrodynamic investigation of the locomotion of insect spermatozoa exhibiting the double-wave structure, idealized here as superhelical waves. Resolving the hydrodynamic interactions with a non-local slender body theory, we predict the swimming kinematics of these superhelical swimmers based on experimentally collected geometric and kinematic data. Our consideration provides insight into the relative contributions of the major and minor helical waves to swimming; namely, propulsion is owing primarily to the minor wave, with negligible contribution from the major wave. We also explore the dependence of the propulsion speed on geometric and kinematic parameters, revealing counterintuitive results, particularly for the case when the minor and major helical structures are of opposite chirality.     

Thermal simulation of pulsed direct laser interference patterning of metallic substrates using the smoothed particle hydrodynamics approach

This work presents a new approach to the thermal modelling of direct laser interference patterning (DLIP). The spatial and temporal evolution of the temperature distribution within metallic substrates, which are irradiated by nanosecond pulses during the DLIP process, is computed by means of a smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) method. The developed model considers the conversion of laser energy into heat within a very thin surface layer, heat conduction into the bulk material and the effect of latent heat during involved phase transformations. The importance of proper determination of characteristic SPH parameters and adequate spatial resolution of the computational domain on the accuracy of the numerical solution is discussed in detail. The computed temperature distributions are in good agreement with the results of a previously developed FEM model and correspond very well to simultaneously performed experimental investigations.     

基于循环神经网络的水库水位预测方法

大型水库重要站点的水位预测是水库防洪中的重要问题,目前主要采用水动力学方法计算.但是由于该方法对输入边界条件的准确性要求较高,而实时调度情况下又很难完全满足此条件,因此容易造成较大的水位计算误差.对此,提出了循环神经网络模型,从水库运行的历史数据中挖掘知识,学习入库流量和坝前水位到目标站点水位的映射关系,不需要使用地形...     

并联管组内流量均匀分布的数学模型

为解决并联管组中流体流量分布不均的问题,提出改变集管内局部阻力配置的方法,建立了基于动量衡算法的流量均布离散化数学模型,利用解析法求解得到阻力配置的通用公式,并根据公式计算所得的加阻位置和阻力系数在太阳能集热器阵列上进行试验验证.结果表明:即使存在由于简化假设和参数近似拟合而导致的诸多误差,增加恰当的阻力元件仍可使流量分布不均匀度下降一个数量级,最大流量与最小流量之比从约等于7降至1.5以下,流量分布改善效果明显.     

两种边界条件设置方法在ISPH中的比较

以平板驱动二维腔剪切流作为标准算例,对比考察镜像虚粒子与静态虚粒子两种边界设置方法,分别在两种不可压缩流SPH(ISPH-DF与ISPH-DI)中的应用。结果显示,采用静态虚粒子边界,计算精度更高;ISPH-DF算法较ISPH-DI法更加稳定。