Transport, chemical and electrochemical processes in a planar solid oxide fuel cell: Detailed three-dimensional modeling

A detailed numerical three-dimensional (3D) model for a planar solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) is developed in this paper. The 3D model takes into account detailed processes including transport, chemical and electrochemical processes taking place in the cell. Moreover, effects of the composite electrodes are taken into account by considering an electrochemically active layer of finite thickness in each of the electrodes. The developed model is applied to a repeating unit of an anode-supported SOFC working under direct internal reforming conditions. Detailed results for chemical species, temperature, current density and electric potential distribution are presented and discussed. It was found that the temperature distribution across the cell is more uniform in the interconnects than in the inner part of the cell. However, only small differences in the electric potential between the electrode and the corresponding interconnect are found. The current density in the electrodes is found to be high near the electrolyte and low deep into the electrochemically active layer. The current density is also low under the ribs of the interconnects.     

叶片前缘开缝对离心风机气动及噪声的影响研究

将前缘缝翼思想运用到离心风机中,研究了叶片前缘开缝设计参数对离心风机内部流场及其声辐射的影响规律。研究表明:叶片前缘开缝使气流通过狭缝得到加速,抑制后叶片吸力面边界层分离;同时,开缝设计使叶轮内部压力脉动明显减弱,降低离心风机气动噪声源强度,存在最佳开缝参数组合使离心风机流动与降噪效果达到最佳;设计工况下,当开缝位置L/C=0.30,前叶偏转角θ=4°,且前、后叶片最大相对厚度相等时,离心风机全压提高7%,效率提高2%,其远场噪声各测点总声压级平均下降3.5 dB。     

Experiment Analysis of Pool Boiling Heat Transfer in Bead Packed Porous Layers

The heat transfer of pool boiling in bead packed porous layers was experimentally investigated to analyze the effects of the bead material, bead diameter and the layer number of the porous bed on the transport of flux and the heat transfer coefficients. The glass and copper bead, the bead sizes of 4 mm and 6 mm as well as the bead packed porous structures ranging from one to three layers were chosen in the experiments. The pool boiling heat transfer in the bead packed porous structures and that on the plain surface were compared to analyze the enhancement of pool boiling heat transfer while the bead packed porous layers were employed. The maximum relative error between the collected experimental data of the pure water on a plain surface and the theoretical prediction of pool boiling using the Rohsenow correlation was less than 12%. Besides, the boiling bubble generation, integration and departure have a great effect on the pool boiling and were recorded with a camera in the bead stacked porous structures of the different layers and materials at different heat flux. All these results should be taken into account for the promotion and application of bead packed porous structures in pool boiling to enhance the heat transfer.     

The impact of atmospheric stability on the near‐surface wind over sea in storm conditions

We study the influence of boundary layer stability on the near‐surface wind speed, especially for high‐wind conditions. An analysis of the wind speed ratio between two vertical levels observed at tall masts in the North Sea and The Netherlands demonstrates that over sea non‐neutral conditions commonly occur, even when the 10 m wind speed is 7 Bft or higher (at least 13.9 ms^?1). Over land, stability conditions are always close to neutral for these strong wind conditions. This is because over land, large vertical temperature differences are rare in these conditions. An analysis of 30 years of station data shows that even in storm conditions the ratio of the 10 m wind speed between sea and land depends systematically on the difference between the air temperature and the sea surface temperature. The observational results are reproduced by HARMONIE, a state‐of‐the‐art Numerical Weather Prediction model, although the impact of stability is smaller than in the observations. A model sensitivity analysis for a severe storm shows that the near‐surface wind speed over sea can vary by 10% depending on the difference between the air temperature and the sea surface temperature. The results presented in this study indicate that even in conditions that are usually classified as ‘(near) neutral’, small variations in stability may have a significant impact on the wind profile. They also indicate that for high wind speeds, the sea‐to‐land wind speed ratio is dominated by the stability over sea as in these conditions the stability over land is close to neutral. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Frictional contact problem between a functionally graded magnetoelectroelastic layer and a rigid conducting flat punch with frictional heat generation

In this study, we consider the frictional sliding contact problem between a functionally graded magnetoelectroelastic (MEE) layer resting on a perfectly insulated rigid half plane and a perfectly conducting rigid flat punch with frictional heat generation. The punch is subjected to magnetoelectromechanical loads. The graded layer is modeled as a nonhomogeneous medium with a transversely isotropic stress–strain law and an exponential variation of the magnetoelectrothermoelastic properties along the thickness direction. Neglecting inertia effects and assuming a constant friction coefficient, the solution is obtained within the framework of steady-state plane magnetoelectrothermoelasticity under plane strain conditions. The heat equation is first solved using Fourier transform to yield the temperature field in the layer which is then substituted in the MEE governing equations. These equations are solved analytically using the same transform leading to three coupled Cauchy-type singular integral equations in which the main unknowns are the normal contact stress, the electric displacement, and the magnetic induction. These equations are then solved numerically to obtain the distributions of the normal contact stress, electric displacement, and magnetic induction at the surface of the graded medium. The main objective of this paper is to study the effect of the nonhomogeneity parameter; the friction coefficient; and the elastic, electric, and magnetic coefficients on the surface contact pressure, electric displacement, and magnetic induction distributions for the case of flat punch profile.     

高岭石-氨基硅烷插层复合物的制备与表征

以高岭石-甲醇(K-M)复合物为前驱体,利用置换法于常温下制备了3种高岭石-氨基硅烷插层复合物。用X射线衍射、Fourier变换红外光谱仪、透射电子显微镜、热分析仪等对复合物进行了表征。结果表明:3种高岭石-氨基硅烷插层复合物的层间距均扩大至2nm以上,插层率都大于95%。3种氨基硅烷分子均和K-M前驱体的甲氧基共同存在于高岭石层间,均呈两层倾斜排列,倾斜程度不同。氨基硅烷的插入破坏了高岭石层间的氢键,加剧了高岭石自身结构中硅氧四面体片层与铝氧八面体片层之间的错位,使得复合物片层出现不同程度的卷曲变形。3种高岭石-氨基硅烷插层复合物的热分解过程均分三步进行:表面水的蒸发及层间甲氧基的脱嵌分解、插层剂氨基硅烷分子的脱嵌、高岭石脱羟基。     

Pore network modeling of fibrous gas diffusion layers for polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells

A pore network model of the gas diffusion layer (GDL) in a polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell is developed and validated. The model idealizes the GDL as a regular cubic network of pore bodies and pore throats following respective size distributions. Geometric parameters of the pore network model are calibrated with respect to porosimetry and gas permeability measurements for two common GDL materials and the model is subsequently used to compute the pore-scale distribution of water and gas under drainage conditions using an invasion percolation algorithm. From this information, the relative permeability of water and gas and the effective gas diffusivity are computed as functions of water saturation using resistor-network theory. Comparison of the model predictions with those obtained from constitutive relationships commonly used in current PEMFC models indicates that the latter may significantly overestimate the gas phase transport properties. Alternative relationships are suggested that better match the pore network model results. The pore network model is also used to calculate the limiting current in a PEMFC under operating conditions for which transport through the GDL dominates mass transfer resistance. The results suggest that a dry GDL does not limit the performance of a PEMFC, but it may become a significant source of concentration polarization as the GDL becomes increasingly saturated with water.     

Lessons from Rotor 37

INTanDUCTIONhi1992theturbomachinerycommittee0ftheIoter-nationalGasTurbineInstitute(IGTI)decidedtosetuPatestcaseforCFDcalculations.Aftersomedebateitwasdecidedthatthetestcasesh0uldbecalculated'blind',i.e.thattheexperimentalresultssh0uldn0tbemadeawilableulltilafterthesolutionshadbeensubndtted.NASA(LewisResearchCenter)offeredasuitabletestca-seintheformofahighlyloadedtransoniccompressorrot0rwhichwasthenbeingtestedwitheXtensiveuseoflaseranemometrytomeasuretheiliternalflow.Themeasurementsw…     

铁尾矿干排应用倾斜板浓缩机的研制

重力浓缩是固液分离的第一道工序,为满足铁尾矿干排处理工艺中含有大量微细颗粒且浓度较低的矿浆对浓缩技术的要求,基于"浅层沉降"原理对浓缩机的结构进行改进,利用一组表面光滑的特制倾斜板面,改变固体颗粒的沉降路径,缩短沉降距离,减少沉降时间,提高沉降速度,改善液流条件,强化浓缩机工作效率,增加浓缩机自然沉淀面积及单位面积生产能力,提出一种新型高效倾斜板浓缩机。     

吸氧多层薄膜内脱氧树脂层的传质与反应模型

制备了多种配方的脱氧树脂薄膜,测定了铁粉含量、铁粉粒度、卤化物、偶联剂、填充剂及调湿时间等因素对脱氧树脂薄膜吸氧性能的影响,建立了脱氧树脂薄膜吸氧过程的传质与反应模型.该模型表明,当M^1/2＞3时,吸氧过程为快速反应,吸氧速率与膜厚无关.当M^1/2＜0.3时,吸氧过程为慢速反应,吸氧速率与D_e无关,膜内氧气浓度均匀,且等于气固界面浓度.采用多种配方脱氧树脂薄膜的吸氧实验表明,该模型与实验结果吻合良好.