谈化学新教材的实验设计

在高中化学教学中,用好经典装置的同时,应鼓励学生设计出比“经典装置”更好的新装置,这样不仅培养了学生的环保意识而且还发挥了化学实验在培养学生创新能力上的独特优势。     

纳米Al2O3,ZnO,CeO2,ZrO2对低温无铅熔块性能的影响

采用正交实验法,研究了在无铅基础熔块中,添加纳米Al2O3,ZnO,CeO2,ZrO2对其抗弯强度、维氏硬度及化学稳定性等性能的影响。结果表明:外加纳米氧化铝等可使无铅熔块抗弯强度提高30%,化学稳定性提高60%～80%,硬度提高10%左右。     

突扩突跌掺气设施后泄槽底板脉动压力试验研究

有压洞出口后的突扩突跌掺气减蚀设施在水利工程中经常使用。由于水流受边界条件和掺气的影响,其流态和脉动压力往往与普通水槽的情况有很大的不同。通过水工模型试验,对突扩突跌掺气设施后泄槽底板上的脉动压力进行研究,揭示了掺气设施后泄槽底板上不同流动区域的脉动压力特性。从脉动压力的时域过程、均方根值、偏态系数、峰态系数和主频率等多方面得出冲击区、反射区和稳定区脉动压力的特性是不相同的结论。同一流量时,沿流程底板的时均压力都大于脉动压力的均方根值,在冲击区、反射区和稳定区,脉动压力的均方根值分别是同位置时均压力值的约0.5倍、0.6倍和0.7倍。研究成果可为更好地利用突扩突跌掺气设施提供有益的理论和试验依据。     

双向叶轮直驱式海浪发电装置设计与优化

为了降低海洋能源发电装置的发电成本、提升发电效率,研制了一种新型的双向叶轮直驱式海浪发电装置。采用经验算法和Fluent软件分别对装置的发电机、叶片、双向轴流泵和导流罩进行了设计优化。通过对安装20 W电机和200 W电机发电装置的水槽试验,分析了在不同工况和负载下,发电装置输出的直流电流值、直流电压值、发电功率以及获能效率。结果显示,波浪力能够直接驱动装置叶轮运转进行发电,不需经过中间环节转换,省去了二级发电损耗,在最低流速0.5 m/s的工况下装置能够自启动,而且水流的流向不影响装置的发电效率。从最终的获能效率可知,导流罩对于提升装置发电效率作用巨大。通过对此新型双向直驱式海浪发电装置的进一步研究表明,该发电装置尺寸及发电机功率是制约整个装置发电效率的关键,为下一步研制大型样机以及进行海试提供了依据。     

鱼类下行过坝的导鱼栅系统设计及试验研究

以龙开口水利枢纽为例,提出一种辅助鱼类下行过坝的导鱼栅系统方案。该方案首先结合大坝泄流建筑物的特点确定导鱼栅系统的布置位置,然后以鳙鱼为试验对象,用控制变量法并选择四种导鱼栅叶片角（15°、30°、45°、90°）和三种导鱼栅布置角（15°、30°、45°）在室内开展模型试验,以确定最优运行工况。研究结果表明,导鱼栅系统布置在该枢纽的灌溉引水口最佳。试验中,当布置角控制为30°时,四种叶片角下的鱼类通过率分别为53%、95%、59%和72%;当叶片角控制为30°时,三种布置角下的鱼类通过率分别为53%、95%和41%。因此,在导鱼栅叶片角和布置角同为30°时,导鱼栅系统辅助鱼类下行的效率最高,通过率为95%。研究成果可为我国类似导鱼栅系统设计提供参考。     

S-苄基-L-半胱氨酸的合成

由溴化苄和L-半胱氨酸直接合成S-苄基-L-半胱氨酸,通过正交试验及统计分析,检验了各影响因子的显著性,确定了最佳工艺条件为：反应时间2.5h,反应温度45℃,原料配比n（溴化苄）：n（L-半胱氨酸）=1：1.在此条件下反应,摩尔产率可达到95%.     

气辅注射工艺参数对气体穿透能力的影响

以某轿车后车门杂物箱盖为例，利用Moldflow软件和正交实验法，评价气体辅助注射成型的主要工艺参数对气体穿透能力和气辅零件质量的影响，并给出一组优化后的工艺参数。     

Relationship between Viscoelastic and Peeling Properties of Model Adhesives. Part 1. Cohesive Fracture

The viscoelastic and peeling properties of polybutadiene/tackifying resin compatible blends have been studied in detail. Viscoelastic properties have been described through the variations of the complex shear modulus, G*(ω), as a function of frequency, ω and peeling properties through the variations of peeling force (F) as a function of peeling rate (V).

After showing the objective character of the peeling curves obtained, the variations of the peeling force and peeling geometry have been studied as a function of volume fraction of the tackifying resin.

In this first paper, the analysis is focused on the first domain of the peeling curves, i.e. the cohesive fracture region. In this region, the peeling properties have been related to the viscoelastic properties in the terminal region of relaxation. It is shown that the longest relaxation time, τ_o, is a reducing parameter of the peeling curves, so a peeling master curve-which is independent of temperature, resin volume fraction and polymer molecular weight-may be defined. Furthermore, the variations of the test geometry as a function of peeling rate have been investigated: the variations of the radius of curvature of the aluminium foil have been analyzed with respect to the viscoelastic behavior of the adhesive, which in fact governs the test geometry.

A detailed analysis of all these features leads to a model which allows one to calculate the peeling curves in the cohesive domain from the adhesive formulation.     

Reactive rock phosphate fertilizers and soil testing for phosphorus: The effect of particle size of the rock phosphate

North Carolina rock phosphate (NCRP) (highly carbonate—substituted apatite) was ground to produce three samples with different particle size distributions. The effectiveness of these fertilizers was compared with the effectiveness of superphosphate in a field experiment and three glasshouse experiments using lateritic soils from south-western Australia. Non-reactive Queensland rock phosphate (low carbonate-substituted apatite from the Duchess deposit) was also used in the pot experiments. Bicarbonate-soluble phosphorus extracted from the soil is widely used in Western Australia to predict plant yields from previously-applied fertilizer dressings. For both field and pot experiments bicarbonate-extractable phosphorus (soil test value) was measured and related to subsequent plant yields.As calculated from the initial slope of the relationship between yield and the level of P applied, finely powdered NCRP was about 5–32% as effective as freshly-applied superphosphate in the year of application and also for two years after application in the field experiment, and for two successive crops in the three pot experiments. For both field and pot experiments, finely powdered NCRP, was at best, 1.5–2.0 times as effective as granular NCRP. Relative to freshly-applied superphosphate, the effectiveness of rock phosphates usually decreased with increasing level of application.For each of the crops in the field experiment, the relationships between yield and phosphorus content of plants (i.e. internal efficiency curves) were similar for all fertilizers. Thus the low effectiveness of the rock phosphates relative to superphosphate was solely due to much less phosphorus being taken up by plants. By contrast, in the pot experiments internal efficiency curves differed for different fertilizers. This is attributed to differences in the rate of phosphorus uptake by plant roots during the early stages of plant growth.For both field and pot experiments, soil test calibrations (the relationship between yield and soil test value) differed for rock phosphates and superphosphate. For superphosphate, soil test calibrations also differed for the three different years after the initial application of this fertilizer in the field experiment. For the second crop in the pot experiment, soil test calibrations differed for superphosphate applied at different times (before the first and the second crop). These results point out the difficulty of applying soil testing procedures to soils that have experienced different histories of fertilizer application.     

柔性分离盘抑制圆柱涡激振动的风洞试验

该文利用附属柔性分离盘对圆柱涡激振动(VIV)控制问题进行了风洞试验研究。针对弹性支撑的圆柱及不同长度柔性分离盘的试验模型,在雷诺数7 500-40 000情况下,测定不同约化速度(3.5-18.7)下的振动瞬态位移。结果表明:柔性分离盘长度(L)/圆柱直径(D)比为0.6、0.8和1三种圆柱的横向无因次均方根振幅远小于单圆柱,涡激振动抑制效果很好,均在77.6%以上,其中L=0.8D的圆柱抑制效果最佳,几乎无振动;而L=1.2D和1.5D的圆柱反而出现振动增强,约4.5%和9%。对比单圆柱的共振区,附属柔性分离盘的圆柱共振区在约化速度上更靠后且范围更大。