Assessing Interactive Causal Influence.

The discovery of conjunctive causes--factors that act in concert to produce or prevent an effect--has been explained by purely covariational theories. Such theories assume that concomitant variations in observable events directly license causal inferences, without postulating the existence of unobservable causal relations. This article discusses problems with these theories, proposes a causal-power theory that overcomes the problems, and reports empirical evidence favoring the new theory. Unlike earlier models, the new theory derives (a) the conditions under which covariation implies conjunctive causation and (b) functions relating observable events to unobservable conjunctive causal strength. This psychological theory, which concerns simple cases involving 2 binary candidate causes and a binary effect, raises questions about normative statistics for testing causal hypotheses regarding categorical data resulting from discrete variables. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved)     

用高新技术改造传统产业

研究鞍山钢铁集团公司(以下简称鞍钢)的基本状况，并对改造前和改造后的鞍钢状况做了对比分析，明确鞍钢改革的方向。论证了鞍钢用高新技术改造传统产业的策略，指出鞍钢要生存和发展，必须走体制创新、技术创新和管理创新的道路，实现企业结构优化，增强与国际钢铁企业竞争的实力，从而为大型国有企业走出困境提供了一些有益的经验。     

Axial offset control of PWR nuclear reactor core using intelligent techniques

Improved load following capability is one of the main technical performances of advanced PWR (APWR). Controlling the nuclear reactor core during load following operation encounters some difficulties. These difficulties mainly arise from nuclear reactor core limitations in local power peaking, while the core is subject to large and sharp variation of local power density during transients. Axial offset (AO) is the parameter usually used to represent of core power peaking, in form of a practical parameter. This paper, proposes a new intelligent approach to AO control of PWR nuclear reactors core during load following operation. This method uses a neural network model of the core to predict the dynamic behavior of the core and a fuzzy critic based on the operator knowledge and experience for the purpose of decision-making during load following operations. Simulation results show that this method can use optimum control rod groups maneuver with variable overlapping and may improve the reactor load following capability.     

Optical modes for BiNem® LCDs

Abstract— We report on theoretical simulations and measurements of the optics of BiNem® displays, taking into account not only the luminance at normal incidence, but contrast ratio and color shift over the viewing hemisphere as well. Transmissive and reflective BiNem® modes were optimized differently, emphasizing contrast in transmission and paperlike, white appearance in reflection.     

Harmonic solution of semiconductor transport equations for microwave and millimetre-wave device modelling

The hydrodynamic transport equations for charges in a semiconductor have been solved for a periodic excitation by means of a harmonic approach, in order to model microwave and millimetre-wave active devices. The solution is based on the expansion of physical variables in a Fourier series in the time domain, and on discretisation in the space domain. A waveform-balance technique in the TD is used to solve the nonlinear equations system. This approach allows for a longer time step with respect to standard TD solutions for most cases of interest, greatly reducing simulation time by at least two orders of magnitude in typical cases. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J RF and Microwave CAE 14: 36–48, 2004.     

Multistage solid-state power amplifier design by a new alternative synthesis technique

For the first time, the numerical real-frequency technique has been applied to the design of a nonlinear power amplifier. This synthesis technique does not require any transistor model by directly using measured large-signal S-parameters of the power transistor device. The double power-frequency dependence of these S-parameters requires the use of a bidimensional interpolation (spline functions). With the Levenberg–Marquardt optimization and large-signal S-parameters, a specific CAD program optimizes the added-power in order to synthesize the matching networks of the PA. The simulated and measured results of two S-band power amplifiers validate the new synthesis approach. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J RF and Microwave CAE 14, 87–98, 2004.     

考虑风电接入和气电转换的综合能源系统日前区间优化

针对气电综合能源系统优化调度中未充分挖掘可调度因素、未充分考虑风电预测误差不确定性的现状,研究含风电的气电综合能源系统日前区间优化调度方法。首先,基于区间数学对风电出力的不确定性进行区间描述,综合考虑抽水蓄能、气电双向转换以及需求响应等资源和技术,并用区间数学表示优化目标和优化约束,构建含高比例风电的气电综合能源系统日前优化模型,综合优化系统的经济性、环保性。然后,基于区间序关系和可能度的方法将区间优化模型转化为确定性优化模型,继而采用Jaya算法进行求解,保证求解的高效性和解空间的可行性。最后,进行算例分析,仿真结果验证了综合利用抽水蓄能、气电双向转换以及需求响应等要素对系统进行区间优化,能取得优化效果上的优势,并能为系统调度人员提供风电不确定度对系统优化影响的信息。     

Microscopy under pressure--an optical chamber system for fluorescence microscopic analysis of living cells under high hydrostatic pressure

High hydrostatic pressure (HHP) becomes more and more interesting for life science research, since it can be employed to inactivate various cells. To directly monitor "cells under pressure," the development of an optical high-pressure chamber is required. Therefore, an optical pressure chamber that can be used for up to 300 MPa was constructed. This chamber has already been described as a tool for in situ observation of dynamic changes of microscopic structures in bright field as well as phase contrast. In combination with an inverted microscope, we obtained brilliant microscopic color pictures with an optical resolution more than 0.56 microm. Here, we demonstrate the capabilities of the HHP cell, in combination with epifluorescence microscopy. Using a nonadherent human B-cell line (Raji, ATCC CCL 86), stained with the fluorescent dyes propidium iodide, Hoechst 33342, or dihexyloxacarbocyanine iodide, we were able to show that the system is suitable to perform fluorescence microscopic analyses, with pressures up to 300 MPa, with viable mammalian cells.     

功率分流式封闭行星减速器的设计研究

本文较详细地讨论了功率分流式封闭行星齿轮减速器的设计计算，文中阐述了该封闭传动的特点， 比计算，受力分析和效率计算，同时还研究报其封闭功率和功率分流等问题，因此，本文对于同类型的封闭行星减速器的设计工作具有较重要的指导意义。     

基于功率变化率的刀具破损监测系统

介绍一种以刀具切削功率变化率为信号，利用单片机进行处理与判断，实现加工过程刀具破损在线监测的系统组成和工作原理，讨论了提高刀具破损报警准确性的措施。