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91.
The d.c. electrical conductivity of sodium vanadate, rubidium vanadate, cesium vanadate and their solid solutions sodium-rubidium
vanadate and sodium-cesium vanadate were studied by a two-probe method in the temperature range covering their transition
points. The electrical conductivity shows sharp change at the phase transition temperature of these materials. In NaVO3, RbVO3 and CsVO3, increase in d.c. conductivity is observed in the ferroelectric region while nonlinearities are observed above transition
temperatures. In solid solutions, the activation energy in the paraelectric state is higher than that in the ferroelectric
state and depends upon sodium concentration. 相似文献
92.
Jonathan P. Belnoue Giang D. Nguyen Alexander M. Korsunsky 《International Journal of Fracture》2007,144(1):53-60
This paper presents a new 1-D non-local damage-plasticity deformation model for ductile materials. It uses the thermodynamic
framework described in Houlsby and Puzrin (2000) and holds, nevertheless, some similarities with Lemaitre’s (1971) approach.
A 1D finite element (FE) model of a bar fixed at one end and loaded in tension at the other end is introduced. This simple
model demonstrates how the approach can be implemented within the finite element framework, and that it is capable of capturing
both the pre-peak hardening and post-peak softening (generally responsible for models instability) due to damage-induced stiffness
and strength reduction characteristic of ductile materials. It is also shown that the approach has further advantages of achieving
some degree of mesh independence, and of being able to capture deformation size effects. Finally, it is illustrated how the
model permits the calculation of essential work of rupture (EWR), i.e. the specific energy per unit cross-sectional area that
is needed to cause tensile failure of a specimen. 相似文献
93.
李静 《制冷与空调(北京)》2007,7(2):86-88
介绍新型节流装置——线性浮阀的结构、工作原理、特点及其在大型冷水机组中的应用以及实际使用中可能存在的问题,为在设计具有较高能效比的中大型冷水机组中,在节流机构选择应用上提供更大的选择空间。 相似文献
94.
The objective of this paper is to identify and analyse factors that are important for winning acceptance of wind-energy parks on the local level. The developers of wind-energy parks need to know how to manage “social acceptance” at the different stages of planning, realisation and operation. Five case studies in France and Germany focused on factors of success in developing a wind-energy project on a given site and illuminated how policy frameworks influence local acceptance. Our hypothesis is that these factors fall into two categories: institutional conditions, such as economic incentives and regulations; and site-specific conditions (territorial factors), such as the local economy, the local geography, local actors, and the actual on-site planning process (project management). 相似文献
95.
Meng Wai Woo 《Drying Technology》2008,26(1):15-26
Current methods in alleviating the wall deposition problem in spray drying emphasize mainly controlling the stickiness of the drying particles and less attention is placed on the properties of the dryer wall. In this experimental study, the effect of wall surface properties on the deposition mechanism has been investigated. Properties considered in classifying different wall materials were surface energy, roughness, and dielectric properties. The model solution contained sucrose, representing low-molecular-weight sugars commonly encountered in spray drying of fruit and vegetable juices. The effect of wall properties on deposition was explored at different drying rates producing particles of different surface rigidity. Larger surface roughness produced higher deposition fluxes for particles with high impact velocity and moisture. Surface energy and surface roughness were found to have no significant effect for dry rigid particles at the middle and bottom elevation of the drying chamber. However, material with lower surface energy (Teflon) exhibited less deposition for rubbery particles at such elevations. Analysis shows that dielectric wall material (Teflon) tends to enhance deposition of dry particles because of attrition at the surface. Higher wall temperature was found to produce slightly more deposition. The results of this work give a general indication of the effect of wall material on the deposition problem and provide the fundamental understanding for further studies along this line. Proper selection of dryer wall material will provide potential alternatives for reducing the deposition problem. 相似文献
96.
Recent technological advances have made it possible to support long lifetime and large volume streaming data transmissions
in sensor networks. A major challenge is to maximize the lifetime of battery-powered sensors to support such transmissions.
Battery, as the power provider of the sensors, therefore emerges as the key factor for achieving high performance in such
applications. Recent study in battery technology reveals that the behavior of battery discharging is more complex than we
used to think. Battery powered sensors might waste a huge amount of energy if we do not carefully schedule and budget their
discharging. In this paper we study the effect of battery behavior on routing for streaming data transmissions in wireless
sensor networks. We first give an on-line computable energy model to mathematically model battery discharge behavior. We show
that the model can capture and describe battery behavior accurately at low computational complexity and thus is suitable for
on-line battery capacity computation. Based on this battery model we then present a battery-aware routing (BAR) protocol to
schedule the routing in wireless sensor networks. The routing protocol is sensitive to the battery status of routing nodes
and avoids energy loss. We use the battery data from actual sensors to evaluate the performance of our protocol. The results
show that the battery-aware protocol proposed in this paper performs well and can save a significant amount of energy compared
to existing routing protocols for streaming data transmissions. Network lifetime is also prolonged with maximum data throughput.
As far as we know, this is the first work considering battery-awareness with an accurate analytical on-line computable battery
model in sensor network routing. We believe the battery model can be used to explore other energy efficient schemes for wireless
networks as well. 相似文献
97.
Non-pinched, minimum energy solutions are important class of distillation designs that offer the potential advantage of a better trade-off between capital investment and operating costs. In this paper, two important tasks associated with non-pinched distillation designs are studied. Thus the novel contributions of this work to the literature are
- (1) A comprehensive methodology for finding non-pinched minimum energy designs.
- (2) Understanding of the reasons for the existence of non-pinched distillation designs.
98.
To meet Turkey’s growing energy demand, the installed electric power capacity of 27.8 GW in 2001 has to be doubled by 2010 and increased fourfold by 2020. The difference between Turkey’s total primary energy supply (TPES) of from its own sources and total final consumption (TFC) is projected grow from 1 quad (1.06–2.06) in 1999 to 5.71 quads (2.79–8.5) in 2020 (1 QUAD=293.071 TWh). Turkey’s limited amount of fossil fuels has a present average ratio of proved reserves of 97.38 quads to production rate of 3.2 quads yr−1 of about 30 years. Turkey’s reliance on fossil fuel-based energy systems to meet the growing demand is most likely to exacerbate the issues of energy insecurity, national environmental degradation, and global climate change in increasing proportions. Economically-feasible renewable energy potential in Turkey is estimated at a total of ca. 1.69 quads yr−1 (495.4 TWh yr−1) with the potential for 0.67 quads yr−1 (196.7 TWh yr−1) of biomass energy, 0.42 quads yr−1 (124 TWh yr−1) of hydropower, 0.35 quads yr−1 (102.3 TWh yr−1) of solar energy, 0.17 quads yr−1 (50 TWh yr−1) of wind energy, and 0.08 quads yr−1 (22.4 TWh yr−1) of geothermal energy. Pursuit and implementation of sustainability-based energy policy could provide about 90 and 35% of Turkey’s total energy supply and consumption projected in 2010, respectively. Utilization of renewable energy technologies for electricity generation would necessitate about 23.2 Mha (29.8%) of Turkey’s land resources. 相似文献
99.
100.