Cutting force estimation in sculptured surface milling

Cutting force milling models developed up to now are mostly used for planar milling using end-mills. Only a reduced number of models applying ball-end mills have been developed. Furthermore these models usually only consider horizontal surface machining, even though the main application of ball-end mills is sculptured surface machining. This article proposes a model that is able to estimate the cutting forces in inclined surfaces machined both up-milling and down-milling. For this purpose a semi-mechanistic model has been developed that calculates the cutting forces based on a set of coefficients which depend on the material, the tool, the cutting conditions, the machining direction and the slope of the surface.A coordinate transformation has been included in order to consider the slope milling case with different cutting directions.The model has been tested on two materials, an aluminum alloy Al7075-T6 and a 52 HRC tool steel AISI H13. Validation tests have been carried out on inclined planes using different slopes and different machining directions.The results provide errors below 10% in most of the cases and both the value and shape of the predicted forces adjust the measured cutting force.     

EXPERIMENTAL TESTING OF DRAW—BEAD RESTRAINING FORCE IN SHEET METAL FORMING

Due to complexities of draw-bead restraining force calculated according to theory and depending on sheet metal forming properties experiment testing system, a simplified method to calculate draw-bead restraining force is put forward by experimental method in cup-shaped drawing process. The experimental results were compared with numerical results and proved agreement. It shows the method is effective.     

Fe－Nb－C合金的高温内耗

测量了高纯Ｆｅ－Ｎｂ－Ｃ合金的４００－８５０℃内耗，发现一个峰温度随测量应变振幅变化的高温（６６６－７４０℃）磁机械滞后阻尼内耗峰。研究了峰的特征、出现、消失条件及升降温、频率、振幅、变形与退火等因素对峰的影响．提出了用内耗实验确定材料中阻碍铁磁畴壁Ｂａｒｋｈａｕｓｅｎ跳动应力的方法和合金中产生磁机械滞后阻尼－温度峰（Ｑ_ｍ~（－１）－Ｔ）的物理机制。     

EFFECT OF ALLOY ELEMENTS ON QUASIEQUILIBRIUM MICROSTRUCTURE IN Fe-Mn-Ni-Cr STEELS

The microstructures of Fe-Mn-Ni-Cr steels with medium carbon and the effect of alloy ele-ments on them have been investigated by means of X-ray diffraction quantitative phase ana-lyses,metallography and hardness tests.The volume fraction of martensite in steels quenchedat 1100℃ can be expressed as:f_M~(1100)=162.643-15.482Mn-7.36Ni-4.286(Cr+Mo+V)Based on this expression,the quasi-equilibrium microstructure diagram has been obtained.Itis shown that the effect of Mn on the austenite stability is greater than that of Ni.The equiva-lent [Ni]=2.104Mn+Ni and equivalent [Cr]=Cr+Mo+V.The driving force for martensite transformation at M_s point has been calculated to hedrastically decreased by element Mn.     

CHARACTERISTICS OF INTERNAL FRICTION AND MODULUS ASSOCIATED WITH NON-EQUILIBRIUM DIFFUSION-TYPE PHASE TRANSFORMATION IN EUTECTOID Al-Zn ALLOY

The characteristics of the low frequency internal friction and the modulus effect associatedwith the non-equilibrium spinodal pretransformation and the following discontinuous trans-formation was investigated in an as-quenched eutectiod Al-Zn alloy.It was observed that theloss of the stability in the lattice,which corresponded to the large-amplitude long-wavelengthstatic concentration wave in the non-equilibrium spinodal pretransformation,did not induceany effect of localized soft modulus.Although there are two aging internal friction peaks inphase transformation which correspond to the appearance and disappearance of the coherencyin spinodal pretransformation and the maximum of the interface area in the discontinuoustransformation respectively,the effect of localized soft modulus did not take place yet.     

QUASI-EQUILIBRIUM MICROSTRUCTURES AND EFFECT OF ALLOY ELEMENTS IN Fe-Mn-Ni-Cr STEELS

本文利用X射线定量相分析及金相观察和硬度测试,考察了中碳Fe-Mn-Ni-Cr钢的组织及合金元素的作用。建立了经1100℃淬火后的马氏体体积分数与合金成分的定量关系式; f_M~(1100)=162.643-15.482Mn-7.36Ni-4.286(Cr+Mo+V)并在此基础上给出了亚平衡组织图。结果表明,Mn稳定奥氏体的作用大于Ni的作用。Ni和Cr当量分别以[Ni]=2.104Mn+Ni,[Cr]=Cr+Mo+V表示。计算了M_S点处的马氏体相变驱动力,指出Mn具有强烈降低相变驱动力的作用。     

冷拔内螺纹管拉拔力的有限元计算方法

本文基于三维弹塑性大变形有限元分析理论,通过对内螺旋凸筋管冷拔成形过程进行有限元仿真,建立增量步与拉拔力的关系,提出了拉拔力的计算方法.经实验验证,理论计算值与实测值相吻合,可为拉拔模具和工艺参数的设计提供参考.     

Net shape formation of sub-micron alumina with reduced flaws by high-speed centrifugal compaction process

A new compacting method for powder materials is presented. High-Speed Centrifugal Compaction Process (HCP) utilizes centrifugal force of about 10,000 g for the compaction. HCP is suitable for net shape compaction of fine sub-micron and nano-powders. HCP possesses a unique compacting mechanism that is different from other colloidal processes including Pressure Casting (PC), and has a number of useful characteristics. HCP has a higher compacting speed than PC, wide applicability for net shape formation, as well as a defect removing function. Because of homogeneous and flawless green microstructure, HCP alumina shows superior sinterability and higher strength and hardness than most of other aluminas. This article is based on a presentation made in the symposium “The 3rd KIM-JIM Joint Symposium on Advanced Powder Materials“, held at Korea University, Seoul, Korea, October 26–27, 2001 under auspices of The Korean Institute of Metals and Materials and The Japan Institute of Metals.     

振动机械的调整与质心的计算

以一台振动筛的故障处理为例,说明振动机械的激振与运动特点、调整原理及其应用。介绍用计算机计算参振零部件及设备质心的方法。     

提高钻杆接头冲击功的工艺方法

针对石油钻井关键产品高强度钻杆接头的使用要求,在保证强度指标要求非常高的前提下,研究摸索增加高温正火后再调质的工艺方法,以改善接头材料原始微观带状组织和纤维结构,细化晶粒,提高钻杆接头的冲击功,使该产品力学性能达到API标准的要求。