Numerical Simulation of Internal Oxidation of Steels during Annealing Treatments

This paper presents a new model for simultaneous diffusion and precipitation of chemical elements in metallic matrices, a scheme for its numerical solution, and several applications to problems of internal oxidation. The model basically stands as an extension of the classical Wagner model for internal oxidation of steels, but is more much general in that it allows for an arbitrary number of diffusing chemical elements, an arbitrary number of precipitate phases with arbitrary compositions, dependence of diffusion coefficients and solubility products upon (time-dependent) temperature, etc., thus allowing for a much broader range of applications. As a counterpart, it is generally impossible to solve the complex, non-linear equations of the model analytically, but this can be done numerically. The simple but efficient numerical scheme proposed is based on explicit 1D finite differences. Experience has shown that this scheme, in spite of its rusticity and the restrictions it imposes on the time-step, is more efficient than more elaborate strategies based on the finite-element method. The applications presented are concerned with internal oxidation of steels during annealing processes. The model and associated numerical scheme allow for evaluation of the amounts of the various oxide precipitates in the external layer of the sheet. This opens the way, through numerical parametric studies of the influence of the process parameters and the chemical composition, to the improvement of existing treatments and the development of new steel grades.     

Ti和V对Fe中氢与位错交互作用的影响

研究了Fe-0.5wt-%Ti和Fe-0.5wt-%V合金中由氢与位错交互作用所形成的氢致冷加工内耗峰(H-CWP)。实验结果表明:合金元素对H-CWP、对氢与位错之间的交互作用有显著的影响,与氢作用愈强的元素,对H-CWP的影响愈大,内耗实验结果与力学性能之间存在着一定的联系.     

Microstructural Investigation of Protective and Non-Protective Oxides on 11% Chromium Steel

FIB, SEM and STEM/EDX were used to investigate X20 stainless-steel samples exposed to dry O₂, or O₂ containing 40% H₂O, with a flow velocity of 0.5 cm/s or 5 cm/s, for 168 hr or 336 hr at 600°C. Thin protective Cr-rich (Cr,Fe)₂O₃ was maintained on the samples exposed to dry O₂, even after 336 hr, and on the sample exposed to O₂/H₂O mixture with the low-flow velocity (0.5 cm/s) for 168 hr. The oxide scale formed in the latter environment contained less Cr, due to Cr loss through CrO₂(OH)₂ evaporation. Breakaway oxidation occurred on the samples exposed in high-gas-flow velocity for shorter time (168 hr) or in low-gas-flow velocity (0.5 cm/s) for longer time (336 hr). The breakaway scales featured a two-layered structure: an outward-growing oxide “island” consisting of almost pure hematite (α-Fe₂O₃), and an inward-growing oxide “crater” consisting of (Cr,Fe)₃O₄. The transition from a thin protective (Cr,Fe)₂O₃ scale to a non-protective thick scale on this martensitic/ferritic steel originated locally and was followed by rapid oxide growth, resulting in a thick scale that covered the whole sample surface.     

粘土砂旧砂再生效果与其含水量的关系

在影响粘土砂旧砂再生效果的诸多因素中,旧砂中水分含量是最重要的因素。本文就水分含量对再生效果的影响规律、再生效果最佳的水分含量等进行了研究和分析,得出了如下结论:并非含水量越低再生效果就越好,而是存在一个去泥率低谷区;再生效果最佳的适宜水分含量为1～2%。     

The low-temperature oxidation of calcium by water vapor

The oxidation kinetics of calcium in water vapor have been studied over the temperature range 25–300°C. There is a change in the form of the oxidation kinetics with temperature, from essentially linear at temperatures below 150°C to logarithmic at 300°C. This is coupled with a change in the manner of growth of the oxide layer as well as the chemical composition of the reaction product. In addition, the oxidation rate decreases with temperature, reaching a minimum at about 150°C. At temperatures below 150°C oxidation appears to be a result of the formation of cracks or fissures in the oxide film. Above 150°C no single oxidation mechanism can be deduced.     

基于二维水流-水质数学模型计算的飞来峡水库动态纳污能力研究

根据飞来峡库区水动力特征,选取库区水功能区纳污能力设计条件,采用二维水流-水质数学模型计算确定了库区纳污能力,为库区纳污总量控制和制定限排总量提供依据。     

遵化市水资源状况及其开发利用分析

通过分析遵化市水资源及开发利用现状,评价了水资源现状存在问题,结合社会经济发展方向,提出了合理建议。     

闸坝水力学特性的三维数值模拟

本文采用标准k-ε双方程紊流模型及基于水气两相流的VOF方法,运用FLOW3 D软件对闸坝进行数值模拟,得出不同水位下的闸坝泄流能力,以及不同部位的闸室及消力池水面线、流速、压力等重要水力学要素。结果表明数值计算在一定程度上可以达到模型试验的效果。     

压力传感器在线状态监测装置研发

目前煤炭输送皮带采用双托辊(2个传感器)或四托辊(4个传感器)并采取传感器输出信号并联方法,以此提高皮带秤的准确性和稳定性.然而该并联方法无法对传感器进行独立采集,同时影响了传感器的故障判断.采用MSC1210Y5单片机和信号分离器,设计并联称重传感器系统的压力传感器状态在线监测装置,实现多个压力传感器并联应用时的独立采集;设计压力传感器在线状态比对算法,将不断变化的称重累计量转换为定量值,解决称重累计量为变量而无法准确在线监测的技术弊端.测试结果表明该装置较好地满足了压力传感器独立采集的要求,为称重计量装置等集中监控提供有效手段.     

基于C8051F352单片机的弹道参数测量系统设计

为提高弹道辨识精度和弹道解算速度,设计了一种基于C8051F352单片机的弹道参数测量系统.通过对弹丸飞行中动压和静压信息的采集、存储和处理,完成弹道参数(初速和射角)辨识.该系统以C8051F352单片机作为处理单元,结合差压传感器和绝压传感器设计而成,采用基于动压-静压的弹道辨识方法,有效地提高了弹道参数测量的精度.实验测试表明:该系统测量精度高,解算速度快,满足弹道辨识的设计要求.