Wettability and surfactivity of sodium phosphate surfactants in strong alkali solutions

The wettability, surfactivity and the correlation between wettability and surfactivity of sodium diethylhexylphosphate, sodium diethylhexyl polyoxyethylene phosphate and their complex in NaOH solutions were studied. A complex alkali resistant phosphate surfactant with good permeability was prepared. The wettability of surfactants was investigated by measuring the immersion time, sinking time and capillary effects of nature cotton grey fabric in NaOH solutions. The surfactivity of the surfactants was characterized by measuring the surface tension. The effect of the complex on the surface appearance of cotton grey fabric was also investigated with a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results show that all the surfactants exhibit good wettability for cotton grey fabric in 0.5–5.0 mol/L of NaOH solutions, the complex system exhibits better wettability in 5.0–7.0 mol/L of NaOH solutions, in comparison with either corresponding single surfactant component employed, and wettability is well correlative with the surfactivities of the surfactant. SEM images indicate that the cotton grey fabric is well wetted by the alkaline surfactant solution and the quality of fabric is improved.     

Nanobubble generation and its applications in froth flotation (part Ⅲ): specially designed laboratory scale column flotation of phosphate

Froth flotation is used widely for upgrading raw phosphate. The flotation recovery of coarse phosphate (-1.18+0.425 mm) is much lower than that achieved on the -0.425+0.15 mm size fraction. Enhanced recovery of coarse phosphate particles is of great economic and environmental importance for phosphate industry. In this investigation, four different phosphate samples were aquired, characterized and tested in a specially designed laboratory-scale flotation column. Significant recovery improvement of coarse phosphate flotation was achieved using cavitation-generated nanobubble though its effects differ among the four testing phosphate samples. The laboratory-scale flotation column test results indicate that nanobubble increased P2O5 recovery by up to 10%-30% for a given Acid Insoluble (A.I.) rejection, depending on the characteristic of phosphate samples. The improvement ef-fect of nanobubble on the hard-to-float particles was more significant than that on easy-to-float particles, especially at lower col-lector dosages. Nanobubbles reduced the collector dosage by 1/3 to 1/2. Nanobubbles almost doubled the coarse phosphate flotation rate constant and increased the flotation selectivity index by up to 25%.     

Two-step flotation recovery of iron concentrate from Donganshan carbonaceous iron ore

The flotation of pure and natural carbonaceous iron ore samples in the oleate flotation system was investigated. Starch can depress hematite effectively in a wide pH range, but cannot depress siderite efficiently in neutral conditions. The flotation recovery of pure hematite, siderite, and quartz in the oleate-starch-CaCl₂ system is significantly different when the slurry pH varies from 4 to 12. A novel two-step flotation process was developed for the separation of iron concentrate from Donganshan carbonaceous iron ore through which the siderite concentrate is first recovered and the high quality hematite concentrates with relative high iron recovery can be obtained in the second step flotation. The siderite concentrate may be utilized directly or undergo further concentration steps to increase iron grade.     

含砷废水砷铁分离的研究

以氢氧化钠作为沉淀剂,对含砷废水进行选择性沉淀研究,考察了pH值、搅拌速度、温度等因素对砷、铁分离效果的影响,确定了合适的工艺条件：温度25℃,pH=13.5,搅拌速度500 r/min.此工艺条件下铁的回收率达到99.9%以上,实现了砷、铁的有效分离.     

二价铁离子对零价铁还原硝基苯的影响

为了解地下水环境中铁离子对零价铁(zero valention)还原作用的影响,采用批次实验,研究不同质量浓度二价铁离子对ZVI还原硝基苯的影响,利用HPLC和GC-MS作为分析工具,观测反应过程中硝基苯的质量浓度,同时跟踪溶液中Fe2+、pH、ORP的变化.结果表明,有无Fe2+存在,硝基苯均可被ZVI还原为苯胺,Fe2+没有改变还原产物;溶液中投加Fe2+后,ZVI还原硝基苯的反应速率明显加快,溶液中Fe2+对于还原反应起促进作用;溶液中Fe2+对ZVI体系pH起缓冲作用,含有Fe2+的ZVI体系ORP下降明显.反应动力学分析表明,硝基苯的还原反应符合假一级动力学模型,表观速率常数kobs值随Fe2+质量浓度的升高而增加,Fe2+离子的存在有助于ZVI对硝基苯的还原.     

Alkaline treatment kinetics of calcium phosphate by piezoelectric quartz crystal impedance

Calcium phosphate film was prepared by electrochemical deposition technology. Subsequently, the alkaline treatment process of calcium phosphate film in 0.1 mol/L NaOH solution was monitored on real time by the piezoelectric quartz crystal impedance (PQCI) technique. The variations of morphology and composition for the alkaline treatment products were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD), respectively. The dynamic variations of calcium phosphate can be characterized by the change of equivalent circuit parameters. The results show that the forming process of hydroxyapatite (HA) is composed of three stages: (1) acidic calcium phosphate dissolution; (2) phase transformation; and (3) HA formation. Furthermore, the correlative kinetic equations and parameters are obtained by fitting the static capacitance (C _s)—time curves. Foundation item: Project(2005CB623901) supported by the Major State Basic Research and Development Program of China     

层状磷酸锆的制备及插层研究

具有层状结构的磷酸锆α-Zr（HPO4）2·H2O通过粉末X-射线衍射（XRD）,振动光谱（红外IR和拉曼光谱Raman）,热分析仪（TG）,透射电子显微镜（TEM）,扫描电子显微镜（SEM）和BET氮气吸附等手段进行了表征.所制备的α-Zr（HPO4）2·H2O的BET表面积为12.29 m^2/g.研究了α-Zr（HPO4）2·H2O的插入行为,与四甲基溴化铵和十六烷基三甲基溴化铵的插入反应表明插入是完全的,层间距分别增加了0.46 nm和1.68 nm,且插入化合物的荧光性质在室温被检测.     

熟料粒度对骨粉/磷酸钙生物骨水泥结构与性能的影响

采用新方法首次将动物骨中的鱼骨引入到磷酸三钙和磷酸氢钙等原料体系中通过高温烧结制备磷酸钙基生物骨水泥（CPC）,以柠檬酸和柠檬酸钠的缓冲液为固化液、按一定的液固比制备固化试样,通过扫描电子显微分析（SEM）和力学性能测试等方法,研究了熟料粒度对其固化试样结构与抗压强度的影响.结果表明：制备过程中骨水泥粉末的粒度对其固化试样的微观结构及其抗压强度有着较为显著的影响,通过调整骨水泥粉末的粒度可达到优化其固化试样的微观结构和改善其力学性能的目的.     

基于模块化神经网络的铁水硅含量预测系统

目的 提出基于模块化神经网络的铁水硅含量预测方法,改善系统控制性能指标.方法 采用模块化神经网络预测控制策略,建立模块化神经网络预测模型,按输入物理量的性质构成4个神经网络模块,再由预测神经网络输出铁水硅含量的预测值,从而控制炉温.结果 提高了学习效率和泛化能力,有效地改善了模型的预测精度.结论 模块化神经网络铁水硅含量预测模型,将同类量进行了模块划分,通过对铁水硅含量预测,可提高炉温的控制精度和动态跟踪能力,具有结构简单、实时性好、预测精度高等特点.     

灰口铸铁给水管道内壁腐蚀试验

目的 灰口铸铁给水管道运行过程必然造成内壁发生不同程度的腐蚀,通过实验研究内腐蚀各影响因素,分析灰口铸铁供水管道腐蚀变化规律.方法 在调查分析埋地供水管道腐蚀状况及腐蚀原因的基础上,对灰口铸铁试片进行室内挂片实验,分别考虑不同溶解氧、pH值、余氯和流速的条件下的腐蚀速率.同时对灰口铸铁管的内壁腐蚀产物进行电子扫描电镜分析和X-射线衍射分析,确定内壁腐蚀结构成分.结果 pH＜5和pH＞11时腐蚀速率分别呈线性递增和线性递减趋势,水中溶解氧在初始50 h内消耗速度呈直线增加变化,随后DO消耗速度几乎不变,余氯对腐蚀过程有促进作用,流速与铸铁管道的腐蚀速率成正比例关系.结论 pH值、溶解氧、余氯、流速和侵蚀性CO2是引起灰口铸铁供水管道内腐蚀的主要原因.