Beyond the code: Energy, carbon, and cost savings using conventional technologies

As states in the U.S. adopt new energy codes, it is important to understand the benefits for each state and its building owners. This paper estimates life-cycle energy savings, carbon emission reduction, and cost-effectiveness of conventional energy efficiency measures in new commercial buildings using an integrated design approach. Results are based on 8208 energy simulations for 12 prototypical buildings in 228 cities, with 3 building designs evaluated for each building-location combination. Results are represented by easy-to-understand mappings that allow for regional and state comparisons. The results show that the use of conventional energy efficiency technologies in an integrated design framework can decrease energy use by 15-20% on average in new commercial buildings, and over 35% for some building types and locations. These energy reductions can often be accomplished at negative incremental life-cycle costs and reduce a building's energy-related carbon footprint by 9-33%. However, generalizing these results on energy use, life-cycle costs, and carbon emissions misses exceptions in the results that show the importance of location-specific characteristics. Also, states do not appear to base energy code adoption decisions on either potential energy savings or life-cycle cost savings.     

基于能量理论的建筑碳排放量核算模型研究

能源消耗所排放出的温室气体导致全球变暖一直是近年来的热议话题,其中建筑能耗所产生的二氧化碳量占有很大的比重。因而准确地核算建筑二氧化碳的排放量,并依此制定相应的减排措施和政策显得十分重要。基于能量理论,详细分析了建筑全寿命周期中每个阶段的建筑能量变化,据此给出了每一个阶段的计算公式并分析数据的可获得性,从而建立了基于能量理论的建筑碳排放量核算模型。弥补了已有模型主观、采用经验公式、数据可获得性差的缺陷,使得计算更准确。     

混凝土结构耐久性设计方法与寿命预测研究进展

由混凝土结构耐久性定义入手,首先评述现有的混凝土结构耐久性设计方法,提出耐久性设计的发展应结合结构全生命周期成本(SLCC)的理念;其次总结了结构耐久性的评估和寿命预测方法的研究现状,认为耐久性的评估与寿命预测需要研究确立反映结构使用寿命的耐久性指标,并建立基于动态评估方法的寿命评估体系;最后提出上述方面发展领域尚待解决的一些基本问题,包括:界定给定环境和使用要求下的混凝土结构耐久性失效极限状态;确定表征材料与结构耐久特征的指标与参数;建立耐久性动态检测数据分析理论等。     

工业机器人安全之生命周期风险评估

Xing Lin     

基于CFRP加固的钢混排架厂房全寿命周期地震成本研究

采用增量动力分析（incremental dynamic analysis,IDA）对坐落于我国西部具体地区的单层钢混排架工业厂房基于碳纤维布（carbon fiber reinforced polymer,CFRP）加固前后的地震损伤和全寿命周期地震成本进行对比计算分析,研究中参考了中国抗震规范和美国太平洋地震工程研究中心（PEER）强震数据库后拟合建立了与分析地区地质场地条件接近的当地地震风险度概率模型。采用多参数混合加权推导计算出CFRP加固钢混排架柱厂房结构全寿命周期地震损失成本统计值,计算过程中的结构尺寸、材料强度、地震荷载等相关参数变量采用蒙特卡洛（MonteCarlo Sampling,MCS）随机样本法予以考虑,研究结果显示该地区CFRP加固单层钢混排架厂房结构全寿命周期地震成本统计中位值在5.75元/（年·m²）,扣除加固材料成本及加工费用后较同类型未加固普通厂房全寿命期地震成本费用综合节省约16.5%,显示厂房采用CFRP加固技术后具有良好的全寿命周期地震成本经济性,同时CFRP加固后的厂房结构地震年平均成本直接费CoV统计偏差在1.35%~1.36%。     

短生命周期特征产品的二级供应链定价博弈分析

针对短生命周期产品的供应链利润最大化问题,建立并分析了二级供应链上制造商和销售商之间的非合作和合作定价博弈模型,得出供应链系统在成员合作情形下才能达到利润最大化的结论,并探讨了合作利润的分配机制,证明了在长期博弈中成员之间通过合作达到双赢的可行性。     

Test strategy planning using economic analysis

This article will discuss the impact on testing of life-cycle costs and present an approach for minimizing the overall life-cycle costs of a product by selecting the most economic test strategy at each stage. The selection of test strategy is based on a detailed economic analysis of the different test techniques available.     

Technological-economic assessment and optimization of hydrogen-based transportation systems in China: A life cycle perspective

Hydrogen energy is increasingly incorporated into long-distance transportation systems. Whether the coupled hydrogen-based transportation system can achieve a sustainable business operation mode requires quantification of environmental and economic performance by a comprehensive cost-benefit analysis. This study proposes a cost-based life cycle assessment method to evaluate the environmental and economic benefits of hydrogen-based long-distance transportation systems. The innovative cost assessment method introduces internal and external economic costs to conduct a multi-scenario assessment. According to the key factors of mileage, government subsidies and hydrogen fuel prices, this research identifies the key cost component of the hydrogen-based transportation system in China by using a multilevel comparison with cell-driven and oil-fueled vehicles. The results show that hydrogen fuel cell electric vehicles are competitive in terms of both fuel costs and environmental costs. As hydrogen costs are expected to be gradually reduced by 43% in the future, hydrogen logistics vehicles and heavy trucks are expected to have better life-cycle economics than other energy vehicles by approximately 2030. Hydrogen buses will outperform other vehicles by approximately 2033, while hydrogen passenger cars will have a reduced life-cycle cost per kilometre within 0.1 CHY/km compared to other vehicles by approximately 2035. Ultimately, fuel consumption, average annual mileage, and hydrogen fuel cell electric vehicle policy are three factors that have greater impacts. Policy implications are put forward to implement optimal investment plan for hydrogen transportation systems.     

Environmental sustainability assessment of large-scale hydrogen production using prospective life cycle analysis

The need for a rapid transformation to low-carbon economies has rekindled hydrogen as a promising energy carrier. Yet, the full range of environmental consequences of large-scale hydrogen production remains unclear. Here, prospective life cycle analysis is used to compare different options to produce 500 Mt/yr of hydrogen, including scenarios that consider likely changes to future supply chains. The resulting environmental and human health impacts of such production levels are further put into context with the Planetary Boundaries framework, known human health burdens, the impacts of the world economy, and the externality-priced production costs that embody the environmental impact. The results indicate that climate change impacts of projected production levels are 3.3–5.4 times higher than the allocated planetary boundary, with only green hydrogen from wind energy staying below the boundary. Human health impacts and other environmental impacts are less severe in comparison but metal depletion and ecotoxicity impacts of green hydrogen deserve further attention. Priced-in environmental damages increase the cost most strongly for blue hydrogen (from ～2 to ～5 USD/kg hydrogen), while such true costs drop most strongly for green hydrogen from solar photovoltaic (from ～7 to ～3 USD/kg hydrogen) when applying prospective life cycle analysis. This perspective helps to evaluate potentially unintended consequences and contributes to the debate about blue and green hydrogen.