限氧EGSB反应器运行机理的研究

通过EGSB反应器的运行试验考察了限氧条件下的微生物代谢途径.结果表明,适量氧的加入能够提高EGSB反应器对COD的去除率,降低出水VFA浓度;氧化还原电位是限氧EGSB反应器最理想的运行控制参数,一般在～380～- 400 mV之间.从分子水平上讲,为保证限氧系统的理想运行,氧利用率(OUR)必须满足以下条件:通过电子传递系统尽可能多地氧化由发酵途径产生的NADH2或FADH2,而TCA循环被维持在最低水平.为此,对于EGSB反应器内的厌氧产甲烷过程,最有利的措施是向EGSB反应器内加入适量氧,使系统处于最佳产甲烷状态.     

Driving factors of the phytoplankton functional groups in a deep Mediterranean reservoir

The control of phytoplankton growth is mainly related to the availability of light and nutrients. Both may select phytoplankton species, but only if they occur in limiting amounts. During the last decade, the functional groups approach, based on the physiological, morphological and ecological attributes of the species, has proved to be a more efficient way to analyze seasonal changes in phytoplankton biomass. We analysed the dynamics of the phytoplankton functional groups sensu Reynolds, recognising the driving forces (light, mixing regime, and nutrients) in the Sau Reservoir, based on a one-year cycle (monthly surface-water sampling). The Sau Reservoir is a Mediterranean water-supply reservoir with a canyon-shaped basin and a clear and mixed epilimnion layer. The long stratification period and high light availability led to high phytoplankton biomass (110.8 fresh-weight mg L⁻¹) in the epilimnion during summer. The reservoir showed P-limitation for phytoplankton growth in this period. All functional groups included one or more species (X2-Rhodomonas spp.; Y-Cryptomonas spp.; F-Oocystis lacustris; K-Aphanocapsa spp.) selected by resources, especially phosphorus. Species of Cryptomonas (group Y) dominated during the mixing period (winter season) in conditions of low light and relatively high availability of dissolved nutrients. Increases in water-column stability during spring stratification led to phytoplankton biomass increases due to the dominance of small flagellate functional groups (X2 and X3, chrysophyceans). The colonial chlorophycean O. lacustris (group F) peaked during the mid-summer stratification, when the mixed epilimnion was clearly depleted in nutrients, especially SRP. High temperature and increases in nutrient concentration during the end-summer and mid-autumn resulted in a decrease of green algae (group F) and increase of Aphanocapsa spp. (cyanobacteria, group K) and dinoflagellates (group L_o). The study also revealed the important role of physical processes in the seasonal gradient, in selecting phytoplankton functional groups, and consequently in the assessment of ecological status. The Q index (assemblage index) based on functional groups indicated the overall good ecological status of the Sau Reservoir, which varied as a function of the mixing regime. This is the first application of the Assemblage Index to a European water-supply reservoir.     

数字图像相关法的板料成形极限研究与应用

为了克服现有板料成形极限测定方法的不足,采用XJTUDIC三维数字散斑应变测量系统,实现了一种基于数字图像相关法的板料成形极限测定新方法.首先,将测量系统架构在杯突试验机上,记录从试验过程初始到破裂的一系列图像,实现应变在线、全场测定.然后,通过对破裂前的最后一张图像进行截线,拟合数据,对颈缩区域插值得到极限应变,从而绘制成形极限曲线图.最后,通过对SPCC36型号碳钢材料板料件成形极限的测量,验证了本文方法的可行性和有效性.     

基于ISO 26262标准的电控柴油机扭矩监控策略研究

为了有效限制发动机功能失效时的扭矩输出以使车辆处于安全状态,通过对ISO26262道路车辆功能安全标准中产品研发流程的研究,对发动机扭矩增加进行了危险分析和风险评估,设定了其安全目标,并设计了扭矩监控策略。采用Matlab/Simulink工具链,根据发动机的喷油控制值、轨压和转速建立了实际扭矩计算模型,并根据加速踏板位置和发动机转速冗余信号建立了安全限制扭矩计算模型,用于监控和限制发动机的扭矩输出。模型离线仿真结果及台架试验结果表明,发动机加速的过程中实际扭矩与输出扭矩基本一致,扭矩限制模块故障时该控制策略能准确识别非驾驶员需求的扭矩增加,触发ICO并将发动机设置为跛行回家模式,能准确计算和限制发动机的输出扭矩,满足扭矩的功能安全需求。     

人工挖孔桩低应变反射波法完整性检测的局限性研究简

 目前国内外对低应变完整性检测的局限性所做的研究主要集中于尺寸效应,而对于在自身成桩工艺及周边地层的综合影响下的人工挖孔桩低应变反射波法完整性检测的局限性少有涉及。介绍了低应变反射波完整性检测原理,结合湖南某电厂工地进行了大量的现场检测,采集测试曲线进行分析,利用钻芯法对若干检测时程曲线异常的基桩进行验证,作出正确判断,并在人工挖孔桩低应变反射波法完整性检测的局限性这个问题上进行了深入研究。最终得出相应结论桩周地层、桩端持力层的性质及桩长会影响桩端反射,护壁、桩周地层变化、阻抗变化界面处的二次反射都将对低应变检测产生干扰,桩土相互作用下可能会使低应变检测失效。     

多播路由kpp算法的改进

给出了一种满足端到端时延限制的多播路由算法。该算法是基于通信网络参数加权steiner树的构造技术。当通信网络的目的节点集的时延不受限时,steiner树就是prim算法的最小生成树,而在时延受限的情况下,算法在给定目的节点集后,通过改变费用与时延的加权参数逼近最优解。通过现有算法的算例指出了现有算法的多播路由树构造中的问题,使steiner树的最优性得到保障,实验模拟表明该算法在构造多播树在优化和效率上都有了明显的提高。     

一种新型喷氨嘴布置优化设计方法

我国SCR脱硝技术仅有25年应用历史,在对原有火电机组进行SCR脱硝工程改造时,存在因空间受限导致的还原剂混合距离过短,有时没有空间安装用于保证催化剂入口氨浓度分布一致性的混合格栅,导致氨逃逸浓度和脱硝效率难以达到设计指标.针对这些问题,提出了一种适用于空间受限烟气脱硝装置的新型喷氨嘴布置优化设计方法.具体地,采用计算...     

The enhancement mechanism of hydrogen photoproduction in Chlorella protothecoides under nitrogen limitation and sulfur deprivation

The aim of this study was to understand the enhancement mechanism of H₂ photoproduction in Chlorella protothecoides under simultaneous nitrogen limitation and sulfur deprivation (LNS). Nitrogen limitation (LN) rather than sulfur deprivation significantly inhibited relative variable fluorescence at K-step (W_K) and J-step (V_J), photochemical efficiency of PSII (photosystem II), F_v/F_m, during the process of incubation in the light. Under such conditions, photosynthetic O₂ evolution decreased and the anaerobiosis was established after 12 h of incubation. The algae generated large amounts of H₂ under nitrogen limitation but generated only trace amounts under sulfur deprivation. Obviously, nitrogen limitation rather than sulfur deprivation was the decisive factor that induced H₂ photoproduction in C. protothecoides under LNS. The LNS culture generated much more H₂ than the LN culture in the presence of DCMU during incubation, suggesting that a PSII-independent electron source contributed many more electrons for transfer to hydrogenase in the LNS culture. PSII electron transport includes linear electron flow (LEF) and cyclic electron flow (CEF) of PSII in C. protothecoides. In the PSII-dependent electron source for H₂ photoproduction, PSII supplies electrons to hydrogenase through the LEF. The LNS culture showed much higher LEF and lower CEF than the LN culture during the H₂ photoproduction phase, as indicated by the large lower quantum yield of PSII electron transport (Φ_PSII) in the LNS culture in the presence of DCMU. Therefore, compared with nitrogen limitation, simultaneous nitrogen limitation and sulfur deprivation enhanced H₂ photoproduction in C. protothecoides mainly due to enhanced PSII-dependent and -independent electron sources.     

Autothermal reforming over a Pt/Gd-doped ceria catalyst: Heat and mass transport limitations in the steam reforming section

Autothermal reforming (ATR) has several advantages for fuel cell applications, such as a compact reactor structure and fast response. Using oxidation reactions inside the reactor, ATR does not have the external heat transfer limitations associated with steam reforming. However, mass and heat transfer limitations inside and outside the catalyst particles are still anticipated. In this study, transport limitations in the steam reforming section of ATR over a Pt/Gd-doped ceria catalyst are analyzed by numerical simulations based on a reaction rate equation in which parameters are adjusted to measured kinetic data. The simulation results show that significant transport limitations characterize the steam reforming section of packed-bed ATR reactors. The activity per catalyst bed volume is highly dependent on the particle size, and only the thin exterior layer of the particles is involved in catalyzing the reactions. Based on the results, it is shown that an eggshell type catalyst particle could reduce catalyst material significantly without a considerable decline in the activity per catalyst bed volume.     

A FUZZY ALGORITHMIC APPROACH TO THE CONSTRUCTION OF COMPOSITE INDICES: AN APPLICATION TO A FUNCTIONAL LIMITATION INDEX

This paper presents a fuzzy algorithmic approach to the construction of composite indices. The method uses a fuzzy analytic translation of a linguistic definition of the composite index, where the definition involves more primary concepts for which scales already exist. An application to the construction of a functional limitation index is presented. Comparisons between the fuzzy algorithmic approach and a more standard, tabular approach are also shown. The results suggest that the fuzzy algorithmic approach yields essentially the same index with less effort and some conceptual advantages.