造纸企业能量系统"三环节"模型的建立及应用探讨(Ⅰ)--造纸企业"三环节"能量结构模型的建立

本文对过程能量系统综合优化技术和过程能量结构模型进行了系统的分析和研究;提出已在石化、炼油行业应用成功的"三环节"能量结构理论应用于造纸企业的能量系统综合与优化.根据"三环节"能量结构模型,对造纸企业的能量系统进行了划分,建立了造纸企业能量系统的"三环节"物理结构模型,并给出了各环节的能量平衡(火用)平衡数学方程,为造纸企业能量系统优化提供了科学依据.     

Mechanism of inactivation of heat-tolerant spores of Bacillus stearothermophilus IFO 12550 by Rapid Decompression

The effect of three rapid decompression methods to clear the mechanism of inactivation of heat tolerant spores of Bacillus stearothermophilus IFO 12550 was investigated. Pressurization of the spores at 200 MPa and 75°C for 60 min caused a kill of 10⁴ CFU/mL by the link-motion system but the nonrotational rod valve and E.G. seal methods gave a kill of about 10³ CFU/mL. Sterilization was due to the physical breakdown of spore coat, and was induced by its physical permeability of water at high pressure and temperature. Rapid decompression by the link-motion system at 200 MPa decreased the D-value of the spores from 3000 min (100°C, one atmosphere) to 6 min, 11 min, and 17 min at 95, 85, and 75°C, respectively.     

Expected net present value of pure and mixed sexed semen artificial insemination strategies in dairy heifers

Sexed semen has been a long-anticipated tool for dairy farmers to obtain more heifer calves, but challenges exist for integrating sexed semen into commercial dairy farm reproduction programs. The decreased conception rates (CR) experienced with sexed semen make virgin heifers better suited for insemination with sexed semen than lactating dairy cows. This research sought to identify when various sexed semen breeding strategies provided higher expected net present value (NPV) than conventional artificial insemination (AI) breeding schemes, indicating which breeding scheme is advisable under various scenarios. Budgets were developed to calculate the expected NPV of various AI breeding strategies incorporating conventional (non-sexed) and sexed semen. In the base budgets, heifer and bull calf values were held constant at $500 and $110, respectively. The percentage of heifers expected to be born after breeding with conventional and sexed semen used was 49.2 and 90%, respectively. Breeding costs per AI were held constant at $15.00 per AI for conventional semen and $45.00 per AI for sexed semen of approximately the same genetic value. Conventional semen CR of 58 and 65% were used, and an AI submission rate was set at 100%. Breeding strategies with sexed semen were assessed for breakeven heifer calf values and sexed semen costs to obtain a NPV equal to that achieved with conventional semen. Breakeven heifer calf values for pure sexed semen strategies with a constant 58 and 65% base CR in which sexed semen achieved 53% of the base CR are $732.11 and $664.26, respectively. Breakeven sexed semen costs per AI of $17.16 and $22.39, compared with $45.00 per AI, were obtained to obtain a NPV equal to that obtained with pure conventional semen for base CR of 58 and 65%, respectively. The strategy employing purely sexed semen, with base CR of both 58 and 65%, yielded a lower NPV than purely conventional semen in all but the best-case scenario in which sexed semen provides 90% of the CR of conventional semen. Other potential advantages of sexed semen that were not quantified in the scenarios include biosecurity-related concerns, decreased dystocia due to increased numbers of heifer calves, and implications for internal herd growth.     

Link adaptation for wireless systems

To improve the robustness and reliability of wireless transmissions, two complementary link adaptation techniques are employed: adaptive modulation and coding (AMC) at the physical layer and hybrid automatic retransmission request (HARQ) at the medium access control layer. Because of their effectiveness in combating errors induced by the wireless channel, AMC and HARQ are now integral components of most emerging broadband wireless system standards, for example, LTE and WiMAX. Spectral efficiency (SE) as measured in bit per second per Hertz is one important parameter used to characterize a wireless system for comparison between different systems or between different configurations of the same system. This work provides a holistic approach of cross‐layer optimizations with the intent of maximizing SE by combining AMC and HARQ. It formulates closed‐form equations for calculating the average SE for wireless systems with the Rayleigh fading channel model. A new online algorithm is developed to optimize SE for both Rayleigh and non‐Rayleigh fading channel. Simulations using proven LTE model are performed to compare SE obtained from closed‐form equations and the developed algorithm for different system configurations. With the developed algorithm to determine how many retransmissions required in addition to the initial transmission in advance depending on the current wireless channel condition, the latency can be reduced up to 24 ms when sending the initial transmission and all of its retransmissions sooner than waiting for retransmission requests as is done previously. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

感应电动机转子磁通观测的一种方法

转子磁场定向矢量控制系统中,转子磁链的准确估算至关重要,通常通过检测定子电压、电流并结合电机的数学模型来检测转子磁链矢量的大小和位置.文章介绍了一种电流模型和电压模型相结合的磁链观测方法,通过变系数加权,使得两种模型在低速和高速时分别起作用,且平滑过渡.仿真和实验论证该方法具有了较高的准确性.     

新型零电压开关谐振直流环节逆变器

为提高逆变器的转换效率,提出一种新型零电压开关谐振直流环节逆变器。通过在传统硬开关逆变器的直流环节添加辅助谐振单元,使直流母线电压周期性地归零,实现逆变桥开关器件在零电压条件下完成切换,而且辅助谐振单元中的开关器件也可以实现零电压开通和零电流关断。此外,辅助谐振单元中的开关器件和谐振电感都没被设置在直流母线上,降低了辅助谐振单元的损耗。对其工作原理进行分析,给出不同工作模式下的等效电路图和回路的参数设计原则。制作一个10kW的实验样机,通过实验结果验证该谐振直流环节逆变器的有效性。     

反激式高频环节AC-AC变换器并联技术研究

针对反激式高频环节AC-AC变换器输出容量小的特点,提出并研究了这类变换器多模块主从式并联控制策略.并联控制外环采用输出电压瞬时值反馈,内环取各模块的副边电感电流平均值作为均流控制变量,从而去控制各从变换器的工作,使各从变换器副边电流与主变换器一致,达到并联均流的目的.文中给出了两个变换器模块并联实例,并对其进行了稳态...     

齿形链链板级进模设计

分析了齿形链链板的冲压工艺,介绍了零件排样、模具结构与工作过程及模具关键零件设计。实践证明:模具设计合理,操作简便,生产效率高,能满足零件质量和生产要求。     

基于无人中继的靶标远程测控系统

随着大射程导弹进入靶场,需要实现对靶标的远程遥控和靶载任务设备数据的实时传输。为满足这一需求,提出了基于无人中继的靶标远程测控系统,介绍了系统组成和工作原理,对无人中继平台的遥测遥控信号转发系统的相关关键问题进行了阐述,同时对靶载遥测遥控系统设计原则和功能模块进行了描述,对靶标远程测控系统的作用距离进行了分析。分析表明靶标远程测控系统的建设可以保证在离靶标300 km处实现对靶标的遥控和靶载任务数据的实时传输,能够满足大射程导弹任务的需求。     

地空测控链路OFDM信道估计

针对无人飞行器大动态运动特点,提出利用地空测控窄带扩频链路的信道估计,辅助OFDM传输方式的下行宽带链路进行信道估计的方法。基于OFDM信道估计基带模型,设计了奇偶OFDM符号分组交错导频插入方式,设计了基于窄带链路多普勒频偏、多径时延信道估计的宽带链路信道估计算法。在大多普勒与多径传输信道下对算法误码率性能进行了仿真,验证了下行宽带链路具有较强的抗大多普勒、抗多径衰落的性能。