The sorption of monovalent cations onto norway spruce: Model studies using wood flour and LiCl solution

The transport of chemicals in a porous material such as wood is very complex and involves several processes: the diffusion of chemicals in the cell pores (lumen and pit pores), through the cell walls at certain conditions, and sorption of wood tissue. In the present study, batch sorption experiments were performed to examine the sorption of Li⁺ ions from an aqueous LiCl solution onto Norway spruce wood flour samples. The experimental methodology employed is suitable for differentiating the amount of ions sorbed onto the wood tissue and dissolved in the solution in wood pores. The apparent equilibrium sorption data were analyzed using two widely applied isotherm models: Langmuir and Freundlich. The results suggest that the sorption was spontaneous, and for the experimental conditions studied, probably involved several interaction types between the different functional groups of the wood and the Li⁺/Cl^? ions.     

Ion Exchange Resin Applied to Obtain Clarified Cashew Juice

The condensed tannins present in cashew apple juice provide high astringency, which is undesirable for this product. This study aimed to remove the cashew apple juice tannins by ion exchange for obtaining the clarified cashew apple juice (cajuína). Two strong base resins were used (macroporous and gel type). The effect of the process variables: temperature, resin:juice ratio, and stirring speed were determined. The macroporous resin presented better results with condensed tannins removal up to 80% in optimal conditions (30°C, ratio 1:6, 122 rpm). The cajuína obtained was clear and translucent, with low astringency, acidity, and °Brix according to Brazilian legislation.     

欧姆龙NJ控制器在二次电池包封配组机上的应用

本文介绍了欧姆龙NJ控制器在二次电池包封配组机上的应用，针对二次电池包封配组机在实际应用中的三个难点，提出了行之有效的解决办法并得到客户高度认可。     

Formation of Zn- and O- vacancy clusters in ZnO through deuterium annealing

Open volume defects, clearly distinguishable from the isolated Zn-vacancy are observed in hydrothermally grown ZnO after exposure to deuterium gas at elevated temperatures. From a combination of secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS), positron annihilation spectroscopy (PAS) and density functional theory (DFT) calculations it is found that as a result of this treatment vacancy clusters consisting of minimum one Zn- and one O-vacancy are formed, in contrast to introduction of isolated O-vacancies. A scenario for the cluster formation is proposed, where Zn- and O-vacancies originate from the bulk of the sample and the sample surface, respectively. A fraction of the vacancy clusters are decorated by Li and/or H and may therefore be indirectly observed by SIMS. The peak in Li-concentration at about 100 nm below the sample surface, as observed by SIMS is in good correspondence with the PAS-results.     

IATA 58版变化和2017年锂电池运输规则要求

具体地描述了IATA 58版变化的主要概况,如启用两个有关锂电池的标签、不再需要托运人的声明和额外的说明文件、启用PI910的包装导则和张贴电池操作标记;分析了2017年锂电池运输规则要求的主要内容.     

MnO2 prepared by hydrothermal method and electrochemical performance as anode for lithium-ion battery

Two α-MnO₂ crystals with caddice-clew-like and urchin-like morphologies are prepared by the hydrothermal method, and their structure and electrochemical performance are characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), galvanostatic cell cycling, cyclic voltammetry, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The morphology of the MnO₂ prepared under acidic condition is urchin-like, while the one prepared under neutral condition is caddice-clew-like. The identical crystalline phase of MnO₂ crystals is essential to evaluate the relationship between electrochemical performances and morphologies for lithium-ion battery application. In this study, urchin-like α-MnO₂ crystals with compact structure have better electrochemical performance due to the higher specific capacity and lower impedance. We find that the relationship between electrochemical performance and morphology is different when MnO₂ material used as electrochemical supercapacitor or as anode of lithium-ion battery. For lithium-ion battery application, urchin-like MnO₂ material has better electrochemical performance.     

Electric vehicle energy consumption modelling and estimation—A case study

Electric vehicles (EVs) have a limited driving range compared to conventional vehicles. Accurate estimation of EV's range is therefore a significant need to eliminate “range anxiety” that refers to drivers' fear of running out of energy while driving. However, the range estimators used in the currently available EVs are not sufficiently accurate. To overcome this issue, more accurate range estimation techniques are investigated. Nonetheless, an accurate power‐based EV energy consumption model is crucial to obtain a precise range estimation. This paper describes a study on EV energy consumption modelling. For this purpose, EV modelling is carried out using MATLAB/Simulink software based on a real EV in the market, the BMW i3. The EV model includes vehicle powertrain system and longitudinal vehicle dynamics. The powertrain is modelled using efficiency maps of the electric motor and the power electronics' data available for BMW i3. It also includes a transmission and a battery model (ie, Thevenin equivalent circuit model). A driver model is developed as well to control the vehicle's speed and to represent human driver's behaviour. In addition, a regenerative braking strategy, based on a series brake system, is developed to model the behaviour of a real braking controller. Auxiliary devices are also included in the EV model to improve energy consumption estimation accuracy as they can have a significant impact on that. The vehicle model is validated against published energy consumption values that demonstrates a satisfactory level of accuracy with 2% to 6% error between simulation and experimental results for Environmental Protection Agency and NEDC tests.     

Modeling and performance analysis of an absorption chiller with a microchannel membrane‐based absorber using LiBr‐H2O,LiCl‐H2O,and LiNO3‐NH3

In order to develop compact absorption refrigeration cycles driven by low heat sources, the simulated performance of a microchannel absorber of 5‐cm length and 9.5 cm³ in volume provided with a porous membrane is presented for 3 different solution‐refrigerant pairs: LiBr‐H₂O, LiCl‐H₂O, and LiNO₃‐NH₃. The high absorption rates calculated for the 3 solutions lead to large cooling effect to absorber volume ratios: 625 kW/m³ for the LiNO₃‐NH₃, 552 kW/m³ for the LiBr‐H₂O, and 318 kW/m³ for the LiCl‐H₂O solutions given the studied geometry. The performance of a complete absorption system is also analyzed varying the solution concentration, condensation temperature, and desorption temperature. The LiNO₃‐NH₃ and the LiBr‐H₂O solutions provide the largest cooling effects. The LiNO₃‐NH₃ can work at a lower temperature of the heating source, in comparison with the one needed in a LiBr‐H₂O system. The lowest cooling effect and coefficient of performance are found for the LiCl‐H₂O solution, but this mixture allows the use of lower temperature heating sources (below 70°C). These results can be used for the selection of the most suitable solution for a given cooling duty, depending on the available heat source and condensation temperature.     

Review of lithium-ion battery state of charge estimation

The technology deployed for lithium-ion battery state of charge (SOC) estimation is an important part of the design of electric vehicle battery management systems. Accurate SOC estimation can forestall excessive charging and discharging of lithium-ion batteries, thereby improving discharge efficiency and extending cycle life. In this study, the key lithium-ion battery SOC estimation technologies are summarized. First, the research status of lithium-ion battery modeling is introduced. Second, the main technologies and difficulties in model parameter identification for lithium-ion batteries are discussed. Third, the development status and advantages and disadvantages of SOC estimation methods are summarized. Finally, the current research problems and prospects for development trends are summarized.     

Investigation of Nafion series membranes on the performance of iron‐chromium redox flow battery

To boost the performance of the iron‐chromium redox flow battery (ICRFB), opting an appropriate proton exchange membrane (PEM) as the core component of ICRFB is of great importance. For the purpose, in this paper, various widely adopted commercial Nafion membranes with a different thickness of 50 μm (Nafion 212, N212), 126 μm (N115), and 178 μm (N117) are chosen for the sake of evaluating the influence of membrane thickness on the ICRFB single‐cell performance. Physicochemical properties, electrolyte utilization, cell efficiency, long‐term cycling stability, and the self‐discharge process of ICRFBs based on a series of Nafion membranes are contrasted comprehensively. The cycling test of ICRFBs is carried out under the current density range of 40 to 120 mA/cm² for the charge‐discharge process. As a result of the good equilibrium of membrane resistance and electro‐active species permeability, Nafion 212 membrane exhibits the highest electrolyte utilization and energy efficiency during the operation, accompanied by the lowest overpotential. In the final part, the selection of Nafion membrane thickness was optimized on the basis of single‐cell performance and the overall cost of the system.