Criteria for piloted ignition of combustible solids

The onset of piloted ignition (flash point) of combustible polymers is predicted by a gas phase combustion energy density of 1.9 MJ/m³ that describes the lower flammability limit of fuel vapor-air mixtures. The mass flux (1 g/m² s) and (virtual) heat release rate (24 kW/m²) of the solid at incipient ignition derived from this observation are in general agreement with experimental data for piloted ignition of plastics. Sustained ignition marks the transition from lower-limit to stoichiometric burning and the critical heat release rate increases proportionally to 66 kW/m². A critical heat release rate, unique among ignition criteria, is independent of material composition because of the implicit coupling between the gas and condensed phase processes.     

基于线热源理论的垂直U型埋管换热器传热模型的研究

基于经典常热流线热源理论,通过引入叠加原理、阶跃负荷及孔洞热阻思想将其发展为能够适用于变热流埋管换热与地源热泵系统模拟的变热流线热源模型,并与改进的经实验与理论验证的圆柱源理论模型进行了比较与分析。结果表明:所发展的变热流线热源模型能够有效地模拟地下埋管的换热过程,可作为地下垂直U埋管换热过程的计算模型,为地源热泵地下埋管换热器的设计计算及地源热泵系统的模拟提供了一种新的简单而又实用的计算方法。     

Heat and fluid flow resulting from the chimney effect in a symmetrically heated vertical channel with adiabatic extensions

An experimental study on a channel-chimney system was carried out in order to elucidate the behavior of heat transfer and fluid flow. The results are presented in terms of local air temperature measurements inside the symmetrically heated channel and between the adiabatic extensions. Different fluid motion regions are observed inside the chimney. Inflows of air are detected in the lower extension ratio, particularly for large values of the ratio of the width of chimney to that of the heated channel. Some typical configurations show the presence of a vortex structure for an expansion ratio greater than one close to the corner regions in the chimney. Some monomial correlation equations between the local Nusselt number, the channel Rayleigh number and the geometric parameters are proposed. The dimensionless parameters are in the following ranges: 10²Ra^*(B/b)10⁶; 1.5L/L_h4.0; 1.0B/b4.0, in which L is the total height of the system, L_h is the height of the heated channel, B is the width of the chimney and b is the width of the heated channel. A good agreement between the correlation and the experimental data is observed.     

窄间隙矩形通道的临界热流密度解析模型

根据窄间隙矩形通道的流道结构特点,参考圆管环状流临界热流密度(CHF)预测解析模型,得到了窄间隙矩形通道内环状流CHF解析模型.该模型可以预测通道间隙不小于0.5 mm的窄间隙矩形通道内发生沸腾两相流环状流时的CHF值.计算表明,当窄间隙矩形通道的进口截面宽高比为25～85时,通道内的CHF值强化比较明显.     

Flow boiling of liquid nitrogen in micro-tubes: Part II – Heat transfer characteristics and critical heat flux

This paper is the second portion of a two-part study concerning the flow boiling of liquid nitrogen in the micro-tubes with the diameters of 0.531, 0.834, 1.042 and 1.931 mm. The contents include the heat transfer characteristics and critical heat flux (CHF). The local wall temperatures are measured, from which the local heat transfer coefficients are determined. The influences of heat flux, mass flux, pressure and tube diameter on the flow boiling heat transfer coefficients are investigated systematically. Two regions with different heat transfer mechanism can be classified: the nucleate boiling dominated region for low mass quality and the convection evaporation dominated region for high mass quality. For none of the existed correlations can predict the experimental data, a new correlation expressed by Co, Bo, We, K_p and X is proposed. The new correlation yields good fitting for 455 experimental data of 0.531, 0.834 and 1.042 mm micro-tubes with a mean absolute error (MAE) of 13.7%. For 1.931 mm tube, the flow boiling heat transfer characteristics are similar to those of macro-channels, and the heat transfer coefficient can be estimated by Chen correlation. Critical heat flux (CHF) is also measured for the four tubes. Both the CHF and the critical mass quality (CMQ) are higher than those for conventional channels. According to the relationship that CMQ decreases with the mass flux, the mechanism of CHF in micro-tubes is postulated to be the dryout or tear of the thin liquid film near the inner wall. It is found that CHF increases gradually with the decrease of tube diameter.     

采用热流法计算汽轮机转子表面热应力

通过对热量流动的分析,推导出汽轮机转子温度分布的表达式。同时根据温度分布,考虑汽轮机转子表面的应力集中,给出转子表面的热应力计算公式。最后通过典型机组的冷态启动计算,分析了温度场和热应力场的变化,评估低周疲劳损伤,并提出了运行控制的要求。图7参15。     

便携式漏磁检测系统钻杆管体检测技术研究

简要介绍了钻杆失效的缺陷形式,目前国内外对钻杆进行无损检测常用的方法以及钻杆现场检测的现状.基于漏磁工作原理的检测系统,可以有效地检测出钻杆管体存在的缺陷,从而减少事故隐患.为进一步验证漏磁检测系统的检测能力,用美国某公司生产的携带式漏磁检测设备,对直径127 mm(5 in)钻杆试样(壁厚9.19 mm)进行了检测试...     

基于脉冲漏磁的管道腐蚀缺陷检测的研究

输油管道运输中存在着管道腐蚀现象,对管道的安全运行构成威胁.因为常规漏磁检测技术具有一定的局限性,检测近表面和表面下缺陷较难.提出了利用脉冲漏磁的方法检测管道腐蚀缺陷,并对不同深度的缺陷管道进行了实验.结果表明,此方法能有效识别管道表面和表面下腐蚀缺陷,具有快速、定量检测的特点,有广阔的应用前景.     

Metabolite channeling and compartmentation in the human cell line AGE1.HN determined by 13C labeling experiments and 13C metabolic flux analysis

This study focused on analyzing active pathways and the metabolic flux distribution in human neuronal AGE1.HN cells that is a desirable basis for a rational design and optimization of producing cell lines and production processes for biopharmaceuticals. ¹³C-labeling experiments and ¹³C metabolic flux analysis were conducted using glucose, glutamine, alanine and lactate tracers in parallel experiments. Connections between cytosolic and mitochondrial metabolite pools were verified, e.g., flux from TCA cycle metabolite ¹³C to glycolytic metabolites. It was also found that lactate and alanine are produced from the same pyruvate pool and that consumed alanine is mainly directly metabolized and secreted as lactate. Activity of the pentose phosphate pathway was low being around 2.3% of the glucose uptake flux. This might be compensated in AGE1.HN by high mitochondrial malic enzyme flux producing NADPH. Mitochondrial pyruvate transport was almost zero. Instead pyruvate carbons were channeled via oxaloacetate into the TCA cycle which was mainly fed via α-ketoglutarate and oxaloacetate during the investigated phase. The data indicate that further optimization of this cell line should focus on the improved substrate usage which can be accomplished by an improved connectivity between glycolytic and mitochondrial pyruvate pools or by better control of the substrate uptake.     

PSf/PPESK共混超滤膜制备及性能研究

将聚砜(PSf)和聚醚砜酮(PPESK)按比例共混,采用L-S相转化法制备超滤膜,考察共混比、固含量、添加剂等对膜水通量和截留率的影响.实验结果表明:当聚合物的固含量为12%,PSf/PPESK共混比为7/3,NMP作溶剂,PEG4000作添加剂,凝胶浴温度50℃,挥发时间为10 s时,所制得的PSf/PPESK共混膜性能较好,其水通量为1 930 L/(m2.h),对牛血清蛋白的截留率为58.2%.