基于光纤传感技术的泥石流冲击力测量系统与反演方法

目前水槽实验一般采用压电式压力传感器测量泥石流冲击力,这种传统测量模式的电信号易受电线阻抗效应的影响,且没有考虑测量装置受冲击变形对测量结果所产生的影响。针对以上问题,基于光纤布拉格光栅(Fiber Bragg Grating,FBG)传感技术,设计了悬臂梁式泥石流冲击力测量系统; 基于泥石流的宾汉体模型和受冲击体的本构关系,构建了包含中心波长最大偏移量、结构材料弹性模量和流深的泥石流最大冲击力反演公式。依据测量系统的力-光耦合效应设计水槽实验,开展了7组不同密度(1.8、1.9、2.0 g·cm^-3)的冲击实验工况。结果表明:①数据之间呈现较好的规律性,光纤布拉格光栅中心波长最大偏移量随着密度的增加而增大,同一密度下光纤布拉格光栅中心波长变化过程与泥石流冲击过程相吻合,从而验证了冲击力反演模型和测量系统之间具有良好的适应性; ②冲击力峰值为30.75～74.06 kPa,冲击力系数为0.92～1.95,与泥石流冲击特性相吻合,进而验证了本测量系统在克服传统压电式压力传感器自身缺陷的同时,亦能实现冲击力的稳定可靠测量。     

湿法脱硫塔一维传热传质性能模型理论与试验

为预测湿法脱硫系统(wet flue gas desulfurization, WFGD)浆液温度,提出湿烟气绝热饱和温度的概念,推导浆液温度与入口烟气温度及含湿量的函数关系。基于预测的浆液温度,建立脱硫塔内液滴运动、热质传递及压差分布一维耦合数学模型;分析脱硫系统三维不均匀性对于模型准确度的影响;用龙格-库塔法对模型进行迭代求解,探讨脱硫塔内主要运行变量(浆液颗粒直径、烟气入口温度及液气比)对传热传质的影响,获得相关参数的一维分布规律。为验证模型的正确性,分别进行现场测试和物模试验。结果表明,预测的浆液温度与现场实测温度有较好的一致性,最大相对误差为4.56%;浆液颗粒直径是影响传热传质的主要因素;颗粒在下降过程中速度迅速衰减,并趋向于最终不变值;烟气温度沿塔高呈指数规律分布。与模型预测温度及压力相比,物模试验温度分布与压力分布的最大相对误差分别为4.72%和6.46%。模型具有较高的准确度,对脱硫塔的设计、运行及SO₂的传质研究有指导意义。     

Review on the effect of heat exchanger tubes on flow behavior and heat/mass transfer of the bubble/slurry reactors

Bubble/Slurry bubble column reactors(BCR/SBCR) are intensively used as multiphase reactors for a wide range of application in the chemical, biochemical and petrochemical industries. Most of these applications involve complicate gas–liquid/gas–liquid–solid flow behavior and exothermic process, thus it is necessary to equip the BCR/SBCR with heat exchanger tubes to remove the heat and govern the performance of the reactor. Amounts of experimental and numerical studies have been carried out to describe the phenomena taking place in BCR/SBCRs with heat exchanger tubes. Unfortunately, little effort has been put on reviewing the experiments and simulations for examining the effect of internals on the performance and hydrodynamics of BCR/SBCR. The objective of this work is to give a state-of-the-art review of the literature on the effects of heat exchanger tubes with different types and configurations on flow behavior and heat/mass transfer, then provide adequate information and scientific basis for the design and the development of heat exchanger tubes in BCR/SBCR, ultimately provide reasonable suggestions for better comprehend the performance of different heat exchanger tubes on hydrodynamics.     

碱性阻挡层抛光液中ULK介质抛光性能的研究

研究了化学机械抛光(CMP)过程中抛光液的SiO₂磨料质量分数和表面活性剂对多孔SiOCH薄膜(ULK介质)介电常数(k)及抛光速率的影响。所用抛光液(pH=10)主要由0%~4%(质量分数,下同)SiO₂、0.075%H₂O₂、1%邻苯二甲酸氢钾和不同质量浓度的表面活性剂组成,其中表面活性剂为非离子表面活性剂脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚(AEO-9和AEO-15)、阴离子表面活性剂十二烷基硫酸铵(ADS)和两亲性非离子表面活性剂辛基苯酚聚氧乙烯醚(OP-50)。结果表明,磨料质量分数的增大会使ULK介质的去除速率和k值都增大。聚醚类表面活性剂都能在CMP过程中很好地保护ULK介质表面,降低其去除速率,OP-50的效果尤其好。当采用2%SiO₂+0.075%H₂O₂+1%KHP+200 mg/L OP-50的抛光液进行CMP时,ULK介质的去除速率为5.2 nm/min,k值增幅低于2%,Cu和Co的去除速率基本不变。     

高效全自动清淤系统在酸性水库的应用

针对 pH ≤ 3 的酸性水库周边地形复杂无法进入大型机械设备、淤泥沉积深夹带有大量织物、库底覆有土工膜易破损等特点,将前置浮船可升降的水面泥浆输送系统与地面泥浆输送系统串联可实现高浓度远距离管道输送,通过全自动监测,采用智能变频控制,保证系统在泥浆浓度可变、液面高度可变的大范围区间内连续且稳定运行。系统在调试运行期间,抽送高浓度泥浆为 19220.88m3,极大提高了酸性水库的清淤效率,降低了清淤成本。     

低成本钢尾渣-矿渣基矿山充填料的优化开发

 为实现多固废协同利用、降低充填成本,在矿渣基全粒级细尾砂胶结充填料基础上,以流动性和抗压强度为表征,利用热闷钢渣磁选尾渣(钢尾渣)替代部分矿渣作为胶凝材料,脱硫灰和水泥熟料替代部分专用添加剂作为外加剂,采用正交试验探寻掺量规律,优化固体填充料配比,开发钢尾渣-矿渣基软性矿山充填料,并研究了外加剂与胶材比、灰砂比等因素的影响。对比分析了矿渣基准组、钢尾渣-矿渣基准组(B1)、强度最优外加剂组分钢尾渣-矿渣组(B7)等3组充填料的微观形貌及XRD图谱以探究其水化机理。结果表明,钢尾渣替代矿渣量增加、外加剂与胶材比减小,充填料浆流动性改善,但充填体抗压强度下降。强度正交试验结果表明,钢尾渣掺量大小决定强度低高,脱硫灰掺量宜高于水泥熟料。进一步调整外加剂组分配比,在灰砂比为1∶6、钢尾渣替代矿渣为20%条件下,找出B7组外加剂组分为脱硫灰、水泥熟料分别替代30%、20%专用添加剂,B7组料浆扩展度为143 mm,充填体形貌为富铁绿泥石胶结假方体钙硅灰石,28 d抗压强度达2.13 MPa,较基准组低0.19 MPa,较B1提高0.26 MPa。该替代方案满足现场充填C2级强度的要求,改善流动性并显著降低了充填成本。优化的外加剂组分配比在灰砂比为1∶4条件下同样具有强度优化作用,但较灰砂比为1∶6条件下低。     

Technological condition in slurry electrolysis of high-silver galena concentrate

Effects of various technological conditions such as ρ(C1^- ), ρ(Fe)T, pH value and temperature on the cell voltage, lead leaching rate and the cathodic current efficiency of the slurry electrolysis of high-silver galena concentrate were studied, and the behavior regularity of lead and silver was investigated. As a result, the suitable condition was determinedas, ρ(C1^-)230g/L, ρ(Fe)T15g/L, pH 1, temperature 70℃, electrolysis time 6h. Under such condition,adopting the cathodic current density of 150 A/m2 and the liquid-solid ratio of 15 : 1, lead powder with a purity degree of 91. 18% was got. At the same time, leaching rate of lead, leaching rate of silver and cathodic current efficiency amounted to 96.88%, 70.88% and 75.68% respectively.     

Application of a time-dependent constitutive model to rheocast systems

A mathematical model has been developed to describe the velocity field in an agitated Al- 5Cu alloy in which B4C particles were suspended at different loading rates of up to 40 %. The material system was agitated by means of an electromagnetic rotary stirrer. The non- Newtonian behavior of the melt/solid slurry was allowed for using two models: the steady- state model of Joly and Flemings and the model of Brown, which takes account of time- dependent behavior. Calculations have shown that the two models behave similarly at high shear rates. In addition, if agitation was discontinued, very little time was required for the velocity (and hence the fluidity) of the slurry to decay.     

倾斜冷却体法制备半固态浆料的研究现状

介绍了低成本、高效率的倾斜冷却体法制备半固态浆料的方法，综述了国内外对该方法的研究现状、相关工艺参数对组织形貌的影响及需要解决的关键问题。     

碳钢与不锈钢在腐蚀浆料中冲刷腐蚀交互作用的定量研究

用失重法和电化学法系统地研究了碳钢与不锈钢在腐蚀浆料中冲刷与腐蚀的交互作用及其电化学行为。试验表明：①冲刷腐蚀和动态纯腐蚀极化曲线与静态纯腐蚀极化曲线截然不同，两者的腐蚀机理存在本质的差异；②T8钢以腐蚀失重为主，18—8不锈钢以冲刷失重为主，两者的冲刷腐蚀交互作用失重率占其总失重率的60%以上，表明耐蚀不耐磨的18—8不锈钢和耐磨不耐蚀的T8钢在冲刷腐蚀工况中均难以胜任；③T8钢的冲刷腐蚀失重率和交互作用失重平均是18—8不锈钢的6倍以上，表明在液固两相流冲刷腐蚀工况中，材料必须首先具有一定的耐蚀性，然后再考虑提高材料的硬度和耐磨性，这样才能有效地提高材料的耐冲刷腐蚀性能。