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31.
32.
Optical measurements of thermal diffusivity of a material 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
The measurement of thermal diffusivity of a material (in particular, a thin film) is important for various reasons, e.g., to predict the heat transfer in the solid subjected to a thermal process, to monitor surface composition or morphology, or to detect invisible subsurface defects like delaminations. This measurement can be done in a noncontact manner using various photothermal methods. Such methods typically involve pulsed heating of the surface by small amounts using a laser source; the decay of the surface temperature after this pulsed photothermal heating is then probed to provide the thermal diffusivity. Various probing methods have been developed in the literature, including the probing of reflection, refraction, and diffraction from the pulsed heated area, infrared thermal radiometry, and surface deformation. This paper provides an overview of such techniques and some examples of their applications. 相似文献
33.
Rates of ammonia (NH3) loss from a ryegrass sward measured using a system of small wind tunnels were compared with concurrent measurements made using a micrometeorological mass balance method. Measurements were made during two experiments within a circular plot (radius 10m) treated with urea at a rate of 200kgNha?1. In the first experiment, air speed through the tunnels was adjusted as necessary to maintain a value of approximately 1ms?1. This value differed on most occasions from the mean ambient wind speed which was measured at a height of 250mm and which ranged from 0.61 to 2.95ms?1. Rates of loss measured using the wind tunnels differed by a factor of between two and five from those measured using the mass balance method; there was no consistent pattern in the differences between the rates of loss. The total losses of NH3 measured during 15 days were equivalent to 49.1 and 30.2kg Nha?1 for the mass balance and wind tunnel methods, respectively. In the second experiment, air speed through the tunnels was adjusted as necessary to maintain a value as close as possible to the mean ambient wind speed measured at a height of 250mm. Rates of NH3 loss measured using the two methods did not differ significantly; total losses of NH3 during 17 days were equivalent to 96.9 and 101kg Nha?1 for the mass balance and wind tunnel methods, respectively. The difference between the findings of the two experiments could be attributed to the direct effect of air speed through the tunnels rather than to differences between ambient temperatures and those inside the tunnels. During and following periods of rain the rates of loss measured using the tunnels were up to six times greater than those observed with the mass balance method. Rates of loss measured by the two methods became similar again when the tunnels were moved following rain. The study demonstrates that enclosures can be designed and operated to provide reliable measurements of the rate of NH3 loss from grassland. Potential applications of the two methods are discussed. 相似文献
34.
A methodology for evaluating the reactivity of titanium with mould materials during casting has been developed. Microhardness
profiles and analysis of oxygen contamination have provided an index for evaluation of the reactivity of titanium. Microhardness
profile delineates two distinct regions, one of which is characterised by a low value of hardness which is invariant with
distance. The reaction products are uniformly distributed in the metal in this region. The second is characterised by a sharp
decrease in microhardness with distance from the metal-mould interface. It represents a diffusion zone for solutes that dissolve
into titanium from the mould. The qualitative profiles for contaminants determined by scanning electron probe microanalyser
and secondary ion mass spectroscopy in the as-cast titanium were found to be similar to that of microhardness, implying that
microhardness can be considered as an index of the contamination resulting from metal-mould reaction. 相似文献
35.
36.
MODELING LIQUID MASS TRANSFER IN HIGEE SEPARATION PROCESS 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Correspondence concerning this paper should be addressed to Professor Richard S.H. Mah. Hsien-Hsin Tung is now affiliated with Department of Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology
Penetration theory is used to describe the liquid mass transfer in Higee separation process. Within a possible range of effective areas, it is shown that the predicted mass transfer coefficients are in reasonable agreement with the estimated mass transfer coefficients. The estimated coefficients were calculated from the experimental data and the possible effective areas. Hence it is concluded the penetration theory is generally applicable to describe liquid mass transfer in Higee separation process. The comparison also suggests that liquid mixing at the junctions of packing materials may be more complete in Higee process than in traditional process. 相似文献
Penetration theory is used to describe the liquid mass transfer in Higee separation process. Within a possible range of effective areas, it is shown that the predicted mass transfer coefficients are in reasonable agreement with the estimated mass transfer coefficients. The estimated coefficients were calculated from the experimental data and the possible effective areas. Hence it is concluded the penetration theory is generally applicable to describe liquid mass transfer in Higee separation process. The comparison also suggests that liquid mixing at the junctions of packing materials may be more complete in Higee process than in traditional process. 相似文献
37.
《Drying Technology》2007,25(7):1237-1242
Rewarming of fruits and vegetables after cooling is characterized by heat and mass transfer processes, which leads commonly to condensation of water on the produce surface at temperatures below the dew point. This effect may affect the produce quality due to microbial growth at unfavorable environmental conditions. The amount of condensed water is a function of the produce surface temperature and of the surrounding conditions as air temperature, air humidity, and air flow. Under practical conditions, both the warming and the condensation are strongly affected by the packaging system used. Depending on the flow conditions close to the produce surface, parameters of heat and mass transfer under laboratory conditions were measured. A mathematical model was developed for the determination of the amount of condensed water on fruit surfaces, its reevaporation, and its total dwell time dependent on the environment air conditions. The model describes the heat and mass transfer processes on single fruits. The process of diffusion of humidity in air and proceed of surface temperature is the basis for the model. 相似文献
38.
Optimizing of laminar viscous flow through a pipe by two dimensionless values is investigated analytically. Dimensionless entropy generation and pumping power to heat transfer rate ratio are used as basis for constant viscous and the temperature dependence on the viscosity. For this matter we calculate entropy generation and pumping power for a fully developed in a pipe subjected to constant wall temperature for either constant viscosity and the variable viscosity. The variation entropy generation increase along the pipe length for viscous fluid is drawn, either the variation summation dimensionless entropy generation and the pumping power to heat transfer rate ratio are varying the fluid inlet temperature for fixed pipe length and are varying pipe length for fixed fluid inlet temperature are drawn. For low heat transfer conditions the entropy generation due to viscosity friction becomes dominant and the dependence of viscosity with the temperature becomes essentially important to be considered. 相似文献
39.
介绍了一种烟道气中SO2在线检测系统,该系统可以实现24h不间断地监测烟道气中SO2的体积分数和质量浓度,同时将信息经网络传送给环保有关部门,具有一定的新颖性、可靠性、准确性。 相似文献
40.
A rapid and easy analysis method for polymers is presented. The method involves sample preparation by SFE, separation of the extracted compounds by SFC and simultaneous quantitative detection by FID, as well as identification of unknowns by MS. The applications illustrate how structural research work and routine polymer analysis can be done with this time saving method. 相似文献