Effects of urea fertigation of apple trees on soil pH,exchangeable cations and extractable manganese in a sandy loam soil in New Zealand

Changes in soil pH, exchangeable aluminium (Al), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and potassium (K) and extractable manganese (Mn) were investigated after urea fertigation of a sandy loam soil in an apple orchard in New Zealand. Urea at three rates (0, 25, 50 kg N ha^–1 yr^–1 or 0, 16.9, 33.8 g N emitter^–1 yr^–1) was applied in 4 equal fertigations. Soil cores at 4 profile depths (0–10, 10–20, 20–40 and 40–60 cm) directly below and 20 cm from the emitter were sampled approximately 4 weeks after each fertigation and in the following winter. Results obtained showed that the largest changes in soil pH and cations occurred in soils directly below the emitter in the 50 kg N ha^–1 yr^–1 treatment where the soil pH decreased by 1.6 pH units at all soil depths. The lowest pH of 4.3 was observed at a depth of 27 cm. Exchangeable Al and extractable Mn levels increased to 11 meq kg^–1 and 78µg g^–1 respectively. Estimated losses of Ca, Mg and K from the upper soil profile depth (0–10 cm) represented 23, 63 and 27% of their respective total exchangeable levels. At lower profile depths (>20 cm), accumulation of displaced K was evident. Variable, and generally non-significant, chemical changes recorded in soils 20 cm from the emitter were attributed to restricted lateral water movement, and therefore urea movement, down the profile.The present study showed that one season of urea fertigation by trickle emitters, applied to a sandy loam, at half the rate conventionally applied to apple orchards (50 kg N ha^–1 yr^–1) resulted in pH and mineral element imbalances which were potentially and sufficiently severe to inhibit tree growth.     

基于全网能量均衡的WirelessHART图路由算法

如何均衡使用网络节点能量并生成高可靠路由是WirelessHART网络研究的一个难题,为此提出了一种GRAEB（graph routing algorithm based on energy balancing）图路由算法。首先,网络被初始化为连通的图结构,能够提高丰富的冗余路径。网络管理器根据全网节点剩余能量、通信周期、链路分布等因子生成节点鲁棒系数矩阵,节点通过比较邻居的鲁棒系数来选择最优路径。另外,规定了邻居节点数的上限阈值,每次路由更新只保留鲁棒系数最优的邻居。仿真结果表明GRAEB不仅提高了网络可靠性,而且延长了网络寿命。     

Hydrolysis of human horny cells by alkaline protease: Morphological observation of the process

The interaction of highly purified alkaline protease fromBacillus sp. KSM-K16 with the horny cells of human skin contained in skin grime was directly visualized by electron microscopy. It became clear that the protease first penetrates the horny cells and then adsorbs, mainly onto the internal structure of the cells at the initial stage of hydrolysis, and directly hydrolyzes the keratin filaments, though the marginal band surrounding them retains its original shape. Then, hydrolysate produced from the keratin filaments flows out of the cell, and early in the hydrolysis process keratin filaments decrease and then disappear, leaving a marginal band, i.e., the cell turns to a hollow state. As a result, the remaining marginal band loses support from inside the cell, thus promoting cleavage and dispersion. Until this stage in the protease reaction, the remarkable liberation of hydrolysis products as water-soluble protein does not occur.     

Electrosynthèse des ions peroxodiphosphate sous potentiel constant ou pulsé

Electrosynthesis of peroxodiphosphate ions (P2O84–) was performed in 2m K3PO4, 1m K2HPO4 medium, using a platinum anode. The results showed that under conditions of potentiostatic polarization at constant potential, the reaction rate reaches a maximum value of 125mAcm–2 and a faradaic yield of 30%. From about 1.9V, the reaction kinetics are increasingly inhibited as the potential shifts positively. Rapid scanning potential voltammetry was used to characterize the oxidation state of the electrode surface. This method shows that the growth of (PtO) and (PtO2 or PtO3) oxides depend on the applied potential. It also establishes a correlation between the inhibition of P2O84– ion electrosynthesis and the oxide coating surface. When 2×10–3m KSCN is added to the solution, some oxygen evolution sites are selectively blocked and oxide occurs at more positive potential values. Consequently, the rate of peroxodiphosphate ion formation and the faradaic efficiency are increased to 380mAcm–2 and 75%, respectively. Under pulsed potential conditions it was possible to reach 1200mAcm–2 for P2O84– ion electrosynthesis with a faradaic yield of 82%.     

Lowland rice response to potassium fertilization and its effect on N and P uptake

Not much is known about the response of lowland rice to K fertilization under Brazilian conditions. A field experiment was conducted during four consecutive years to determine the response of three lowland rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars to K fertilization on a Low Humic Gley soil. In the first two years, K was broadcast at rates of 0, 42, 84, 126, and 168 kg K ha^–1. In the last two years K rates were reduced to 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100 kg K ha^–1 and applied in a band. Potassium significantly (P < 0.01) increased grain yields but the response varied from cultivar to cultivar and year to year. Yield responses to K fertilization were superimposed on a general trend of increasing grain yields across the four growing seasons. Mean grain yields increased 14.3% with broadcast application of K in the first two years and 10.4% with banded application of K in the last two years when compared to the control treatments. Extractable soil K increased with K application rate and decreased with soil depth. Potassium was rapidly removed from the soil and yearly broadcast or banded application of K can be expected to result in a significant increase in grain yield of lowland rice in these soils.     

基于DXF格式的优化数控代码自动生成方法

DXF是AutoCAD与其他软件进行数据交换的CAD通用图形文件格式。实现了一种DXF读取方式并自动生成数控加工代码。传统算法的读取结果无序,不适用于实际加工,针对这一问题根据提取结果及位置关系生成图元轮廓树,并利用最近邻插入算法对图元轮廓优化排序,得到全局优化的最短切割路径,并通过实例证实了算法的有效性,能满足实际自动编程数控系统的工作需要。     

基于VB的模具企业生产物流信息系统的研究

通过分析模具企业生产物流信息的特点,运用Visual Basic 6.0和Access数据库对该系统进行研究和开发,包括系统的注塑模具BOM表、明细表的查询模块;零件加工工艺过程表的添加、修改、删除管理模块;各零件物流量计算模块;零件工艺过程图的调用模块及选择决策等各功能模块的实现。然后把选择决策模块中的F-D图反应出的车间物流状况的优劣作为平面布置调整的依据,并制定出改善方案,从而使得车间设备布局及组合方式更为合理,以更好地支持生产。     

LDE融合光谱回归分类的光照变化人脸识别

针对光照变化人脸识别问题中传统的光谱回归算法不能很好地进行特征提取而严重影响识别性能的问题,提出了局部判别嵌入优化光谱回归分类的人脸识别算法。计算出训练样本的特征向量;借助于数据的近邻和分类关系,利用局部判别嵌入算法构建分类问题所需的嵌入,同时学习每种分类的子流形所需的嵌入;利用光谱回归分类算法计算投影矩阵,并利用最近邻分类器完成人脸的识别。在两大人脸数据库扩展YaleB及CMU PIE上的实验验证了该算法的有效性,实验结果表明,相比其他光谱回归算法,该算法取得了更高的识别率、更好的工作特性,并且降低了计算复杂度。     

基于动态依赖的类间测试顺序研究

类间集成测试顺序决定着测试成本的大小,为了得到合适的测试顺序,提出了一种基于动态依赖的类间测试顺序的方法。首先分析对象关系图中类间依赖关系,然后运用边删除规则去除环路,最后运用有向无环图的拓扑序列给出类的测试顺序。仿真结果表明,本文的方法较Briand的方法减少了42%的测试桩。此方法满足最小化测试桩的需要,提高了测试效率,减少了测试成本。     

以水玻璃和硫酸铝为原料合成T型沸石的研究

以工业水玻璃和硫酸铝为原料,于K2O-Na2O-SiO2-Al2O3-H2O体系中水热合成制得不同晶粒度的T型沸石.晶化温度在85～135℃可得到晶相纯的T型沸石;搅拌晶化能有效减小T型沸石的晶粒度,但搅拌速度在200～800 r/min内对晶粒大小的影响不明显;凝胶n(SiO2)/n(Al2O3)在16～32可合成出结晶度高、晶相纯的T型沸石,但大于32时晶化产物中出现钙十字沸石杂晶;凝胶n(SiO2)/n(Al2O3)改变对T型沸石产物硅铝比基本无影响.水玻璃合成体系晶化诱导期短.产物中n(K+)/n(Na+)比值远大于起始凝胶中两者的比值,这可能是由于钾离子在T型沸石晶化中起主要的结构导向作用.