Analytical platforms to assess the authenticity of cocoa butter

This paper reviews strategies to detect and analyse cocoa butter equivalents added to genuine cocoa butter or to chocolate products. The legal background of the issue is that current European legislation allows the addition of vegetable fats other than cocoa butter to chocolate up to a level of 5% of the product weight, provided that the addition is correctly indicated on the label. However, the Directive fails to specify a method of analysis to enforce compliance. The principal themes highlight compositional data (triglyceride and fatty acid composition, components of the unsaponifiable matter) of cocoa butter from different origins and suitable raw materials used for the formulation of cocoa butter equivalents, and explains how analytical techniques (gas‐liquid chromatography, high‐performance liquid chromatography, infrared spectroscopy, pyrolysis mass spectrometry) make use of subtle differences between the two commodities to detect commingling.     

Lipidomic and Proteomic Alterations Induced by Even and Odd Medium-Chain Fatty Acids on Fibroblasts of Long-Chain Fatty Acid Oxidation Disorders

Medium-chain fatty acids (mc-FAs) are currently applied in the treatment of long-chain fatty acid oxidation disorders (lc-FAOD) characterized by impaired β-oxidation. Here, we performed lipidomic and proteomic analysis in fibroblasts from patients with very long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (VLCADD) and long-chain 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase (LCHADD) deficiencies after incubation with heptanoate (C7) and octanoate (C8). Defects of β-oxidation induced striking proteomic alterations, whereas the effect of treatment with mc-FAs was minor. However, mc-FAs induced a remodeling of complex lipids. Especially C7 appeared to act protectively by restoring sphingolipid biosynthesis flux and improving the observed dysregulation of protein homeostasis in LCHADD under control conditions.     

Correlating viscosity with temperature and other properties

Simple viscosity equations based on linearities [1/η^e (or φ^e) vs. T; T/η^e vs. T and φ^e vs. P; (η, viscosity; φ, fluidity; T, temperature; and P, any property or property function linear with T, such as, density, refractivity, and surface tension)] are given for glycerol, triglycerides, glyceride oils, n-fatty acids, esters, an alcohol, and an amine.     

Triglyceride analysis by gas chromatography in assessment of authenticity of goat milk fat

The triglyceride (TG) composition of 35 samples of milk collected at different times of year from five herds of goats was analyzed using short capillary column-gas chromatography. The distribution of TG in goat milk fat was unimodal, peaking at C₄₀ (12.6%); the sum of TG from C₃₈ to C₄₄ accounted for about 50%, whereas the three classes of TG from C₄₈ to C₅₂ did not exceed 6% each. These results were compared with the corresponding data for cow milk fat. Significant differences between herds were observed, mainly in long-chain TG. To detect foreign fats in goat milk fat, two multiple regression equations based on TG content of the goat milk fat were proposed. Analysis of known mixtures of tallow, palm oil, and cow milk fat with goat milk fat have experimentally confirmed the accuracy of the equations.     

中碳链脂肪酸甘油三酯制备方法的研究进展

中碳链脂肪酸甘油三酯是一种天然油脂的改性产品,因其具有消化吸收快,能量易释放等优点被广泛用于营养、医药、化妆品等领域。对中碳链脂肪酸甘油三酯的理化性质和制备方法进行了综述,以期为进一步研究中碳链脂肪酸甘油三酯的高效合成及工业化生产提供参考。     

Changes in lipolysis and volatile fraction of a goat cheese manufactured employing a hygienized rennet paste and a defined strain starter

The effect of a hygienized rennet paste (HRP) and a defined strain starter IFPL on the volatile fraction of goat cheese (Majorero) was examined. Three batches were made and those cheeses produced either industrially (IL) or in artisanal manner (AL) were compared with the experimental lot (EL), which included both HRP and IFPL starter in its manufacture. Analysis of the volatile fraction was by static headspace connected to GC–MS and this disclosed a total of 28 components belonging to the following chemical families: fatty acids, esters, ketones, aldehydes and alcohols. Most of the volatile components identified appeared in all lots but at different concentrations. IL cheeses were distinguished from the other lots, including HRP in their manufacture, essentially by a lower presence of esters and FFA (both branched-chain and aliphatic acids). The use of HRP and a defined strain starter culture (including Lb. casei IFPL 731 as adjunct) directly affected lipolysis degree. This was reflected in an increase in the mono-and diglyceride concentrations and in a greater content of short-chain FFA, particularly butanoic acid, an important flavour component, which imparts a desirable sharp, “piquant” taste to Majorero cheese. The IFPL starter culture also had a significant effect on concentrations of compounds such as 2-methyl-1-propanol, 3 methyl-1-butanol, isoamyl butyrate and acetoin.     

Effect of different sources of dietary omega‐3 fatty acids on general performance and fatty acid profiles of thigh,breast, liver and portal blood of broilers

One hundred and sixty‐eight 1‐day‐old Cobb broiler chickens were randomly assigned to 12 broiler cages to determine the dietary effect of different sources of oils rich in long‐chain omega‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCω3PUFA). The following oils were added to the feed at a concentration of 12.5 g kg^?1: a highly refined seal blubber oil (SBO) containing 225 g kg^?1 LCω3PUFA; a fish oil (FO) concentrate containing >800 g kg^?1 LCω3PUFA in the form of triglycerides; and an FO concentrate containing >600 g kg^?1 LCω3PUFA in the form of ethyl esters. Fatty acid profiles of the breast and thigh meat were measured in order to determine the deposition of LCω3PUFA into the body tissues, whilst fatty acid profiles of the liver and the portal blood were taken in order to deduce consequences of the different ester forms on the absorption process. A triangular sensory evaluation was performed on the breast meat. The levels of LCω3PUFA in all tissues and the portal blood reflected the concentrations of LCω3PUFA in the diets. The sensory properties of the breast meat were negatively influenced by ethyl ester supplementation only. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry     

Chemical composition of tobacco seeds (Nicotiana tabacum L) from Argentina

The lipid constituents, free fatty acids, triglycerides, sterol esters and free sterols of 11 cultivars of tobacco from Argentina were investigated by gas-liquid chromatography. Palmitic, oleic and linoleic acids were the major components in all fractions studied. Sitosterol was the main component of the free sterol and sterol ester fractions. Oil and protein contents, as well as some physicochemical characteristics of the oils, are also reported.     

Common Variants of <Emphasis Type="Italic">ABCB4</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">ABCB11</Emphasis> and Plasma Lipid Levels: A Study in Sib Pairs with Gallstones,and Controls

Most epidemiological surveys have confirmed the association of low HDL-cholesterol and high triglyceride levels with cholesterol gallstones. Our objective was to analyze the relationship between plasma lipid levels and common polymorphisms of ABCB11 (encoding the bile salt export pump, BSEP) and ABCB4 (encoding the phospholipid transporter into bile, MDR3) genes. Plasma lipids were measured in 108 index patients of sib pairs with gallstones and in 260 controls. Using PCR-based assays with 5′-nuclease and fluorescence detection (TaqMan), the ABCB11 coding SNP p.A444V and four haplotype-tagging SNPs covering the ABCB4 gene (c.504C > T, c.711T > A, p.R652G, rs31653 in intron 26) were genotyped. Plasma lipids were compared in carriers of the common versus rare allele of these polymorphisms using Student’s t test and Pearson’s correlation. BMI and triglyceride levels were higher and HDL-cholesterol levels were lower in affected siblings than in controls. Among cases, triglyceride and cholesterol levels were higher in carriers of the common versus rare (hetero/homozygous carriers) allele of the SNPs p.A444V of ABCB11 and C.504C > T of ABCB4. HDL-cholesterol was lower in carriers of the common allele of rs31653. In controls, significant differences of cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol levels were found in carriers of ABCB4 polymorphisms. Our results do not support the hypothesis of a link between ABCB4 and ABCB11 polymorphisms, lithogenic dyslipidemia, and gallstone risk.     

指纹图谱技术在植物油鉴定和掺假中的应用

指纹图谱技术是指利用现代仪器分析手段获得的能够代表该物种特征的各种图谱数据资料的一种技术。它主要建立在对物质成分的系统研究之上,评价样品质量的真实性和稳定性。近年来,指纹图谱技术也逐渐应用到植物油的鉴定和掺假中。文中对植物油中各种化学成分的指纹图谱在植物油品种鉴定和掺假方面的应用做了详细介绍。