Consecutive reaction kinetics involving a layered structure of the granule in UASB reactors

A consecutive-reaction kinetic model for the sucrose-fed upflow anaerobic sludge bed (UASB) reactor that accounts for a layered structure of the granule and the mass fraction of methanogens (f) is proposed. When the UASB reactor was maintained at the volumetric loading rates (VLR) of 7.9-13.8 kg chemical oxygen demand (COD)/m(3) d, the accumulated volatile fatty acids (VFAs) increased with increasing VLR, whereas the experimental f decreased with increasing VLR. This was primarily because methanogenesis was the rate-limiting step and the sucrose-fed granule was a layered structure. The calculated residual concentrations of sucrose and the intermediates VFAs using the layered-structure model are less deviated from the experimental measurements than those using the homogeneous-structure model. The calculated effectiveness factors for sucrose uptake and intermediates VFAs uptake (eta(1); eta(2)) ranged from 0.18 to 0.35 and 0.65 to 0.96, respectively, indicating that the overall substrate (sucrose or intermediates VFAs) removal in the UASB reactor was diffusion-controlled, especially at the VLRs of 7.9-10.6. kg COD/m(3) d. This finding was also confirmed by the simulated concentration profiles of sucrose and VFAs in the UASB-granule. From the simulation results, the effect of internal mass transfer resistance on overall substrate (sucrose) removal should not be neglected, especially for a granule size of greater than 2.0 mm.     

Methanogenic communities on the electrodes of bioelectrochemical reactors without membranes

Methane fermentation was successfully carried out in bioelectrochemical reactors without membranes under a working potential of − 0.6 or − 0.8 V (vs. Ag/AgCl) and neutral pH conditions. The hydrogenotrophic methanogens that dominated on the anodic and cathodic electrodes differed from those found on the electrodes in the control reactors without electrochemical reactions.     

A comparison of media types in acetate fed expanded-bed anaerobic reactors

A synthetic feed, containing acetate as the only carbon source, was used to start-up four different anaerobic expanded-bed reactors containing three different types of microbial attachment media. The media types used were low-density anthracite, granular activated carbon (GAC) and two sizes of sand. All media types were of the same average diameter, 0.7 mm, except for a smaller sand, 0.35 mm. These media types were chosen to compare surface roughness, macroscopic shear stresses due to upflow velocity and sphericity. The 0.7 mm sand required the greatest upflow velocity, 16 cm/s, while the other reactors had upflow velocities of 5.5–6.0 cm/s. Sand had the least surface roughness and GAC had the roughest surface, while anthracite had the most angular shape. At steady-state, the GAC reactor retained 3.75–10 times the attached biomass retained on the other media tested and the GAC reactor accumulated biomass at a faster rate during start-up. Shear losses reflected the biomass accumulation with the two sand and anthracite media having shear loss coefficients 6–20 times greater than that of the GAC medium. Sand induced the formation of sludge granules in both sand reactors with two species of methanogens and stability of the sludge blankets was critical to reactor performance. Scanning electron microscopy demonstrated that attached growth developed in crevices where biomass was protected from shear forces. Attached growth on the sand and anthracite media was located only in crevices, while the GAC medium is completely covered with crevices and biofilm developed on the entire GAC particle. Surface roughness was critical to biofilm development with the rougher surface providing the better attachment medium.     

Microbial community structure of a low sulfate oil producing facility indicate dominance of oil degrading/nitrate reducing bacteria and Methanogens

Analysis of microbial community structure of a low sulfate oil producing facility in Nigeria using 16S rRNA gene sequencing technique revealed dominance of oil degrading and nitrate reducing bacteria and methanogenic archaea in produced waters and oil samples namely, Marinobacter (37%), Azovibrio (21%), Thauera (10–28%), and Methanolobus (22%). On the contrary, the associated oil pipeline samples revealed massive dominance of potentially corrosive Methanolobus (60%) and Methanobacterium (25-27%). Further experimentation shows that the methanogens implicated in oil pipelines are corrosive moderate halophile that utilizes H₂/CO₂ and methanol as substrates. More emphasis should therefore be on methanogenic archaea as opposed to sulfate reducing bacteria (SRBs) during mitigation plans for microbially induced corrosion (MIC) in a low sulfate oil producing facility.     

城市生活垃圾厌氧消化中甲烷产量的生物动力学研究

通过对城市生活垃圾高温间歇厌氧消化的实验,对其产气进行分析.结果表明:(1)城市生活垃圾厌氧消化的产气是体系中微生物作用的结果,其产气速率、甲烷含量的变化等几乎均与体系中产甲烷菌的阶段变化一致,基本上分为缓慢产CH4阶段、CH4含量指数增长阶段、CH4含量稳定阶段及CH4含量递减阶段,分别对应产甲烷菌生长的迟缓期、指数期、稳定期及衰亡期.(2)以微生物生长动力学为基础,推断出沼气中CH4含量的变化与产甲烷菌的变化之间存在着(dY)/(dt)=k(dX)/(dt)的比例关系,其系数k为产甲烷菌的产甲烷活性的表征.并通过实验进行模拟得出系数μmax=0.142 d-1,Kdc=0.0612 d-1及迟缓期、指数期、稳定期、衰亡期的k(mL/gVSS)分别为0.041、0.041、0.000、-0.0968.并且,也可依据(dY)/(dt)来判断产甲烷菌生长的各个阶段及体系中微生物菌群的优势程度.     

Towards synthetic biological approaches to resource utilization on space missions

This paper demonstrates the significant utility of deploying non-traditional biological techniques to harness available volatiles and waste resources on manned missions to explore the Moon and Mars. Compared with anticipated non-biological approaches, it is determined that for 916 day Martian missions: 205 days of high-quality methane and oxygen Mars bioproduction with Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum can reduce the mass of a Martian fuel-manufacture plant by 56%; 496 days of biomass generation with Arthrospira platensis and Arthrospira maxima on Mars can decrease the shipped wet-food mixed-menu mass for a Mars stay and a one-way voyage by 38%; 202 days of Mars polyhydroxybutyrate synthesis with Cupriavidus necator can lower the shipped mass to three-dimensional print a 120 m³ six-person habitat by 85% and a few days of acetaminophen production with engineered Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 can completely replenish expired or irradiated stocks of the pharmaceutical, thereby providing independence from unmanned resupply spacecraft that take up to 210 days to arrive. Analogous outcomes are included for lunar missions. Because of the benign assumptions involved, the results provide a glimpse of the intriguing potential of ‘space synthetic biology’, and help focus related efforts for immediate, near-term impact.     

Frank Fenner,AC, CMG,MBE, FAA,FRS

The effect of Abate used in the control of Simulium damnosum on non‐target benthic invertebrate organisms was studied in river Oti (West Africa) in the Onchocerciasis Control Programme area. Abate was administered by aerial spraying and pre‐dosing and post‐dosing Surber samples were compared. Baetidae and Leptophlebiidae, two of the three predominating organisms were seriously affected by the Abate. Other non‐target organisms that were killed were Gomphidae, Libellulidae and Dytiscidae. Though the larvicide was toxic to other non‐target organisms, particularly Neoperla and Orthocladinae, the effect did not seem to be significant.     

Investigating unsaturated fat, monensin, or bromoethanesulfonate in continuous cultures retaining ruminal protozoa. II. Interaction of treatment and presence of protozoa on prokaryotic communities

Increasing the consistency of responses to reduce emissions of ruminal methane and nitrogenous wastes into the environment using microbial inhibitors requires an accurate assessment of microbial community profiles. In addition to direct inhibition of methanogens by feed additives, protozoa are often targeted for inhibition because their close physical association with endo- and ectosymbionts stimulates methanogenesis in the rumen. In this study, we first modified a continuous culture system to maintain a diverse protozoal population (faunated subperiod) and then selectively effluxed them without using any chemical agents (defaunated subperiod). In both subperiods, unsaturated fat (potentially inhibitory to ciliate protozoa, methanogens, and gram-positive bacteria), monensin (assumed to inhibit gram-positive bacteria), and bromoethanesulfonate (BES; a potent inhibitor of methanogens) were used to suppress the respective functional groups of microorganisms. Changes in microbial populations were determined using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis, followed by cloning and DNA sequencing of the excised bands. Neither monensin nor unsaturated fat consistently affected methanogen populations under our conditions in either the faunated or defaunated subperiods. When BES was administered, bands presumptively linked to protozoa-associated methanogens in the faunated subperiod disappeared in the defaunated subperiod. However, there was no noticeable adaptation of the sensitive methanogens to BES. The effect of dietary treatments on bacterial populations in the fermenters was harder to ascertain because of the overriding period effect caused by a different inoculum in each period. Defaunation selectively decreased the intensity of bands associated with ruminococci and clostridia but seemed to increase some Butyrivibrio and related populations. Presence of protozoa influenced both bacterial and archaeal populations, probably by selective predation, competition for substrate, or through symbiotic interactions.     

Kinetic study on fermentation from CO2 and H2 using the acclimated-methanogen in batch culture

Methane was produced from H₂ and CO₂ using the acclimated-mixed methanogens in a 3.71 fermentor in batch culture at pH 7.2 and 37°C. The Fermentation kinetics parameter for the growth of methanogens, overall mass transfer coefficient of the reactor, and the conversion rate of H₂ and CO₂ to CH₄ by the acclimated-mixed culture were determined using the technique of Vega et al. The maximum specific growth rate (μ_max) and H₂ specific consumption rate (q_max) were found to be 0.064(h⁻¹) and 104.8 (mmol h⁻¹ g⁻¹) respectively. Monod saturation constants for growth (Kp) and for inhibition (K′p) were found to be 3.54 (kPa) and 0.57 (kPa), respectively. These findings indicate that without very low dissolved H₂ levels, the fermentations are carried out under μ_max, and the specific uptake rate (q) was almost not affected at any dissolved H₂ level in the range studied. The yield of CH₄ (Yp/s) was calculated to be 0.245 (mol CH₄ mol⁻¹ H₂), which is near the stoichiometric value of 0.25. DH₂ was also measured using the Teflon tubing method and was in good agreement with those estimated by kinetic calculations.