软质滤料过滤器除铁锰的试验

采用多层软质纤维过滤装置对地下水除铁、除锰 ,其性能良好 ,结果可靠 ,操作管理简单 ,节省投资 ,降低能耗 ,经济效果显著     

声波斜入射下各向同性均匀板的吸声特性

采用传递矩阵方法对水下多层均匀复合结构的吸声特性进行了研究，提出了声波以一定角度从流体向多层均匀媒质斜入射时吸声特性分析的一般模型，导出了声波斜入射下完全浸入水中的任意层媒质的声吸收系数的解析表达式。给出了一些典型结构的吸声系数的仿真结果。     

Determining Hydraulic Characteristics of Production Wells using Genetic Algorithm

Proper well management requires the determination of characteristic hydraulic parameters of production wells such as well loss coefficient (C) and aquifer loss coefficient (B), which are conventionally determined by the graphical analysis ofstep-drawdowntest data. However, in the present study, the efficacy of a non-conventional optimization technique called Genetic Algorithm (GA), which ensures near-optimal or optimal solutions, is assessedin determining well parameters from step-drawdown test data. Computer programs were developed to optimize the well parametersby GA technique for two cases: (i) optimization of B and C only, and (ii) optimization of B, C and p (exponent) as well as to evaluate the well condition. The reliability and robustness of the developed computer programs were tested usingnine sets of published and unpublished step-drawdown data from varying hydrogeologic conditions. The well parameters obtained by the GA technique were compared with those obtained by the conventional graphical method in terms of root mean square error(RMSE) and visual inspection. It was revealed that the GA technique yielded more reliable well parameters with significantlylow values of RMSE for almost all the datasets, especially in caseof three-variable optimization. The optimal values of the parametersB, C and p for the nine datasets were found to range from 0.382 to 2.292 min m^-2, 0.091 to 3.262, and 1.8 to 3.6, respectively. Because of a wide variation of p, the GA techniqueresulted in considerably different but dependable and robust well parameters as well as well specific capacity and well efficiency compared to the graphical method. The condition of three wells was found to be good, one well bad and that of the remaining five wells satisfactory. The performance evaluation of the developed GA code indicated that a proper selection of generation number and population size is essential to ensure efficient optimization. Furthermore,a sensitivity analysis of the obtained optimal parameters demonstrated that the GA technique resulted in a unique set ofthe parameters for all the nine datasets. It is concluded thatthe GA technique is an effective and reliable numerical tool for determining the characteristic hydraulic parameters of production wells.     

A geostatistical methodology to estimate the base of the Trifa aquifer (Morocco) with limited drilling and geo-electrical sounding data

The paper presents the methodology used to estimate the base and thickness of the Trifa aquifer, north-east Morocco, from very limited drilling and geoelectrical sounding data. The methodology is applicable where the aquifer is a single horizon with considerable lateral variation. The procedure is based on geostatistical techniques: kriging of apparent resistivities, calibration of the resistivities with information from drilling, co-kriging of resistivities and estimation of the thickness of the aquifer by inverting the apparent resistivity formula. Calculated and measured substratum levels are obtained by subtracting the estimated and measured thickness from the topography at the drilling and geo-electrical sounding locations. By co-kriging the estimated substratum levels with the measured values in the drilling locations, a map of the substratum over the plain was prepared.     

聚合物芯片复型模具的新型制作工艺研究

AZ4620是一种广泛应用于微系统制作的正性光刻胶。高温改性后的AZ4620在紫外曝光时光照部分不再发生光化学反应,基于这样的材料特性,以220℃高温硬烘30 min获得改性的无光敏性的光刻胶,通过Plasma氧刻蚀制作出底层结构,再在底层结构表面涂胶采用多次曝光和显影制作出具有三层微结构的光刻胶模具,利用模塑法制作聚合物PDMS芯片。对光刻胶高温硬固工艺进行分析,对产生回流、残余应力、气泡等问题进行理论分析和实验研究,优化了模具加工工艺。采用多次喷涂,Plasma氧处理改善浸润性,高温硬烘0.5℃/min的升温速率得到了质量较好的多层光刻胶模具,为利用正性厚胶制作多层微结构提供了新的方法。     

Groundwater Exploitation and Its Impact on the Environment in the North China Plain

Abstract

The North China Plain (NCP) is one of China's most important social, economic, and agricultural regions. Currently, the Plain has 17,950 thousand ha of cultivated land, 71.1 percent of which is irrigated, consuming more than 70 percent of the total water supply. Increasing water demands associated with rapid urban and industrial development and expansion of irrigated land have led to overexploitation of both surface and the ratio of groundwater resources, particularly north of the Yellow River. In 1993, the ratio of groundwater exploitation to recharge in many parts of the NCP exceeded 1.0; in some areas, the ratio exceeded 1.5. Consequently, about 1.06 million ha of water-short irrigated areas in the NCP also have poor water quality. Persistent groundwater overexploitation in the northern parts of the NCP has resulted in water-level declines in both shallow and deep aquifers. According to data from 600 shallow groundwater observation wells in the Hebei Plain, the average depth to water increased from 7.23 m in 1983 to 11.52 m in 1993, indicating an average water-table decline of 0.425 m/year. Water table declines are not uniformly distributed throughout the area. Depletion rates are generally greatest beneath cities and intensively groundwater-irrigated areas. Water-table declines have also varied over time. With the continued decline of groundwater levels, large depression cones have formed both in unconfined and confined aquifers beneath the Hebei Plain. Groundwater depletion in the NCP has severely impacted the environment. Large tracts of land that overlie cones of depression have subsided, seawater has intruded into previously freshwater aquifers in coastal plains, and ground-water quality has deteriorated due to salinization, seawater intrusion, and untreated urban and industrial wastewater discharge. In order to balance groundwater exploitation with recharge, the major remedial measures suggested are to strengthen groundwater management, to raise water use efficiency, to adjust the water-consumed structure, and to increase water supply     

Theory of Seepage into an Auger Hole in a Confined Aquifer Overlying a Gravel Substratum

An analytical solution is presented to the problem of steady groundwater flow seeping into a pumped cylindrical hole partially penetrating a homogeneous and anisotropic confined aquifer overlying a gravel substratum. Solutions are obtained for two general cases of the problem: (1) when the level of the pumped hole is below the confining layer; (2) when it is above it. The validity of the proposed theory is tested by comparing analytical predictions obtained for a few flow situations with corresponding results obtained by numerical means. The theory presented here can be utilized to convert the rate of rise of water in a pumped auger hole into directional conductivities of soil, in areas where water is found to be in a confined state overlying a gravel substratum. The study shows that the conductivity values calculated by neglecting the confining pressure of an artesian aquifer with a gravel base [i.e., by applying the existing (Boast and Kirkham in 1971), auger hole seepage theory for a phreatic aquifer with a gravel base to confined situations] may result in serious error; hence, the artesian head of an aquifer must be accounted for while computing the conductivity values. Further, it is observed that the area contributing flow to a pumped auger hole/well with a gravel base is mostly restricted to a short radial distance from the center of the hole, particularly for situations where the gravel substratum is located close to the bottom of the hole. This is in contrast to auger hole flow situations overlying an impervious substratum, where the domain contributing flow is mostly spread out to a considerable distance from the center of the hole.     

井型对缝洞型碳酸盐岩凝析气藏开发对策的影响

缝洞型气藏储层类型多样,非均质性严重,油气水关系复杂,影响开发对策的因素较多,井型的优化配置是其关键因素之一。应用数值模拟方法对不同缝洞系统井型适应性进行了研究,分析了水体能量、开采速度、开发方式对开发效果的影响。结果表明单洞及多洞系统无底水的情形适合采用直井开发,而水平井更适合有底水存在的多洞系统以及多洞之间不连通的情况。在此基础上结合塔中I号气田凝析气藏的开发,确立了主要的开发技术对策,为此类气藏的开发提供了理论依据。     

油气田区承压含水层地下水污染机理及其脆弱性评价

根据研究区地质构造及水文地质概况,分析了研究区承压含水层地下水有机污染的机理,建立了针对该地区承压含水层地下水污染脆弱性评价指标体系,并应用神经网络技术作为评价体系中参数的赋权方法;由ANN与GIS耦合技术得到的研究区承压含水层地下水污染脆弱性区划图比较好地符合研究区的实际情况。     

快硬早强油井水泥在浅层高含水调整井中的应用

快硬早强油井水泥是针对常规油井水泥在低温条件下水泥浆候凝时间长、强度发展慢、稠化时间不易控制等现象开发的新型特种油井水泥,该水泥具有低温下凝结速度短、抗压强度高、微膨胀、综合性能优等特点,并具有优异的抗冷冻及抗水浸性能,在此基础上研制的低温快凝防窜水泥浆较好地解决了浅层高含水调整井的固井质量问题,为中原固井外闯市场提供了有力的技术保障。